MINI PROJECT 2A: MICROCONTROLLER BASED

TACHOMETER
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
Vikas Wadile Roll No-15
Aman Kumar Benvansi Roll No-17
Uday Kommajoshyula Roll No-14
Sumit Sharma Roll No-10
Project Guide
Prof. Ujwala Tade.

Department of Electrical Engineering

Lokmanya Tilak College of Engineering Koparkhairne, Navi Mumbai - 400 709
University of Mumbai
(AY 2022-23)
 MICROCONTROLLER
A compact integrated circuit
designed to govern a specific
operation in an embedded system.

Includes a processor, memory and

input/output (I/O) peripherals on a
single chip
 WORKING OF MICROCONTROLLER

CPU Memory I\O Peripherals

Other supporting elements of a microcontroller include:

● Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) .

● Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)
● System bus
● Serial port
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLER VS MICROPROCESSOR

MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

1. Heart of computer system. 1. Heart of embedded system.

2. Memory and I/O output component is 2. Memory and I/O output component is
connected externally. present internally.
3. Circuit is more complex. 3. Circuit is less complex.
4. Cannot be used in compact system. 4. It can be used in compact system..
5. Most of the operations are memory based. 5. Program is easier to write.
6. Has a zero status flag. 6. Has no zero flag.
7. Mainly used in personal computers. 7. Mainly used in washing machines, air
conditioners etc.
 CONSTRUCTION:

Sensor Control Circuit

Continued…

● Sensor Circuit consists of IR transmitter, IR receiver.

● IR LED -used as transmitter.
● Photo Diode-used as receiver, connected in reverse bias.
● IR sensor-reflective type sensor
● IR transmitter and receiver placed side-by-side.
● Anode of IR transmitter connected to 5V supply.
● Cathode of IR transmitter connected to ground through current limiting resistor
150Ω.
● IR transmitter starts emitting infrared rays.
● IR receiver’s cathode -connected to 5V supply
● IR receiver’s Anode- connected to ground through current limiting resistor of 10KΩ.
● The output of the IR receiver is given to the comparator.
Main Circuit
 Arduino Board with Microcontroller(AT89S52)
● Vin: Input voltage pin of Arduino board
● 5V: Pin for regulated power supply voltage
● 3.3V: Provides supply of 3.3V generated from voltage regulator
● GND: Grounds the Arduino board.
● Reset: Resets the microcontroller
● Analog Pins: Pins A0 to A5 used as analog input (range of 0-5V)
● Digital Pins: Pins 0 to 13 used as digital input or output for Arduino board.
● Serial Pins/UART pin: Used for communication between Arduino board and computer
● External Interrupt Pins: Produces external interrupt by pins 2 and 3.
● PWM Pins: Converts digital signal into analog by varying the width of Pulse
● SPI Pins: Serial Peripheral Interface pin-maintains SPI communication with help of SPI library.
SS: Pin 10 used as Slave Select
MOSI: Pin 11 used as Master Out Slave In
MISO: Pin 12 used as Master In Slave Out
SCK: Pin 13 used as Serial Clock
LED Pin: Inbuilt LED pin-13.
● AREF Pin: Analog reference pin-used to provide reference voltage from external power supply
Continued…

● Voltage Regulator(L7805v)-Maintains constant voltage

● DC Motor – BLDC motor with 12V DC fan
● Transistor BC547
● LCD Display-16*2 display
 WORKING
When IR sensor is powered, IR transmitter starts emitting IR rays

Motor placed in front of IR sensor has shaft marked with a white

dot.

As motor shaft rotates, white spots comes in contact with sensor,

IR rays are reflected by the dot and falls on IR receiver.

The IR receiver(Photo Diode), starts conducting whenever the IR

rays are reflected.
 At this point, output of IR sensor is given to comparator

Output of the comparator - HIGH when IR rays are reflected

LOW when there are no reflections

Output of the comparator is in form of ON-OFF pulse.

This pulse is given to microcontroller as a timer input

microcontroller is programmed to calculate the number of times the
motor rotates in a second

Speed of motor is calculated by multiplying the value of final

count by 60 (speed in rpm)

Thus speed of the motor is obtained on zero contact

tachometer
 PROGRAMMING
The software is written in Assembly language and assembled using 8051 cross-assembler. It is well
commented and easy to understand. It uses AT89C2051’s internal timer for measuring the period of
one cycle of the rotation in units of 100 microseconds. Thus if the speed is 1500 rpm, it is 25 rps, and
the time taken for one cycle is 40 ms.

The timer uses an interrupt to count overflows every 100 microseconds and so the number counted by
the timer program in this case will be ‘400.’ This is divided by ‘600,000’ (so many 100/µs present in a
minute), giving a result of ‘1500.’ This gives the rpm. These digits are displayed on the 4-digit, 7-
segment display. To perform the division, subroutine UDIV32 is employed, which is a standard
subroutine available for 8051 family for 32-bit number by 16-bit number division. It has an accuracy
of 5 rpm in a 6000rpm count.
 STRENGTH

1. The current design is an embedded application which is used to calculate the

speed of the motor without the need of a contact tachometer.
2. In this application IR frequencies are used to calculate the speed of the motor.
3. It gives better performance and reliability.
4. Light in weight as compared to the conventional tachometer.
5. Compact in size.
6. It is portable so we can carry it to large rotating machine to note the RPM.
Accuracy is high as compare to conventional tachometer.
WEAKNESS:
1. The ICs used in this circuit are CMOS devices and are highly static, making it impossible to
touch them with bare hands.
2. It has limited life time due to use of battery for powering the circuit.
3. Speed calculation may be affected by the varying duty cycle of the timer.
OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
1. Light sensing & controlling devices
2. Temperature sensing and controlling devices
3. Fire detection & safety devices
4. Industrial instrumentation devices
5. Process control devices
THANK YOU !