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Lecture 1 Partial Differentiation
Lecture 1 Partial Differentiation
An Introduction
Partial Differentiation
Function of Two variable: Let be a symbol which has a
definite value for every pair of values of and , then is
called a function of two independent variable and and is
written as
u f x, y or z f x, y
x2 y2 z 2
z f x , y , z
x yz
u sin y ax y ax 2
Partial Differentiation
Partial Differential Coefficients: The partial
differential coefficient of u f x, y with respect to is
defined as
f
Provided this limit exists and is written as or f x or Dx f ,
x
treated as constant.
f x x, y f x, y
Lt
x 0 x
Partial Differentiation
Partial Differential Coefficients: The partial
differential coefficient of f x, y with respect to is
defined as f x, y y f x, y
Lt
y 0 y
f
Provided this limit exists and is written as or f y or Dy f,
y
treated as constant.
2 f 2 f
xy yx
Partial Differentiation
Example:
Partial Differentiation
.. u
x
𝑥 and are constant
u
𝑢
y
𝑦 and are constant
u
z
𝑧 and are constant
Partial Differentiation
𝑥
2 2 2
Example 1: ux y z
Differentiating w. r. t. and
partially 𝑢 𝑦
u
2x
x
u
2y 𝑧
y
u
2z
z
Partial Differentiation
𝑥
2 3
Example 2: u x y xy
Differentiating w. r. t. and
partially
𝑢
u
x
2 xy y 3
𝑦
u
x 2 3xy 2
y
Partial Differentiation
Example 3: x
u sin 2 x 3 y cos3 x 4 y
Differentiating u w. r. t. x and y
partially u
y
u
2 cos2 x 3 y 3 sin 3 x 4 y
x
u
3 cos2 x 3 y 4 sin 3 x 4 y
y
Partial Differentiation
Example 4: u tan 1 y
x
𝑥
Differentiating w. r. t. and
Partially 𝑢
u
x
1
2
.
y
y x x Similarly 𝑦
1
x u 1 y
.
x2 y y y
2
y x
2 2 2
1
x y x x
y x
2 2
x y2 x y2
Partial Differentiation
3
u
𝑥
x2 y2 z2
Example 5: If u e Find
xyz
Differentiating w. r. t.partially
We get 𝑢 𝑦
u x 2 y 2 z 2 …….(1)
z
2 ze 𝑧
Now differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. , we get
u
y z y
2 ze
x2 y 2 z 2
x2 y 2 z 2
……………(2)
4 yze
Partial Differentiation
3
u
𝑥
x2 y2 z2
Example 5: If u e Find
xyz
Differentiating w. r. t. partially
We get 𝑢 𝑦
3u
2u
4 yze
x2 y 2 z 2
𝑧
xyz
x yz x
x2 y2 z2
8 xyze 8 xyzu
Partial Differentiation
Example 6: Show that u x, y, z cos 3 x cos 4 y sinh 5 z
Satisfies Laplace’s equation u xx u yy u zz 0
Solution: Here
u x 3 sin 3 x cos 4 y sinh 5 z
u xx 9 cos 3 x cos 4 y sinh 5 z 9u
u y 4 cos 3 x sin 4 y sinh 5 z
u yy 16 sin 3 x cos 4 y sinh 5 z 16u
u z 5 cos 3 x sin 4 y cosh 5 z
u zz 25 cos 3 x sin 4 y sinh 5 z 25u
Adding all the values we get
u xx u yy u zz 9u 16u 25u 0
Partial Differentiation
du
Example 7. If u e mx y z ; y m sin x; z cos x find dx
Solution: differentiating with respect to and respectively,
we get
u
𝑥
me mx y z
x
𝑢 𝑦
u u
e mx e mx
y z 𝑧
Also from the second and third equation we get.
dy dz
m cos x sin x
dx dx
Partial Differentiation
Using chain rule
du u u dy u dz
. .
dx x y dx z dx
du
me mx y z me mx cos x e mx sin x
dx
du
e mx m y z m cos x sin x
dx
du
e mx mm sin x cos x m cos x sin x
dx
du
e mx m 2 1sin x
dx
Partial Differentiation
2u 2u
Example 8. If u x log y show that xy
yx
………(1)
Solution: differentiating (1) partially with respect to ,
taking as constant, we get
u
log y ……(2)
x
Now differentiating (2) with respect to , we get
2u 1
xy y
Partial Differentiation
2u 2u
Example 8. If u x log y show that
xy yx
………(1)
Solution: differentiating (1) partially with respect to ,
taking as constant, we get
u x
……(3)
y y
Now differentiating (3) with respect to , we get
2u 1 2u
yx y xy
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