PULSE

TRANSMISSI
ON
Presented by:
Sacay, Nahum Zerah D.
All digital carrier systems involve the transmission of pulses
through a medium with a finite bandwidth. A highly selective
system would require a large number of filter sections,which
is impractical. Therefore, practical digital systems generally
utilize filters with bandwidths that are approximately 30% or
more in excess of the ideal Nyquist bandwidth.
 Pulse response: typical pulse response of a bandlimited
filter

It shows the typical output waveform from a bandlimited communications channel when a
narrow pulse is applied to its input. The figure shows that bandlimiting a pulse causes the
energy from the pulse to be spread over a significantly longer time in the form of
secondary lobes.
The secondary lobes are called ringing tails. The output frequency spectrum corresponding to a rectangular
pulse is referred to as a (sin x)/x response and is given as
where:
ω = 2πf (radians)
T =pulse width (seconds)
In theory, only the amplitude at the middle of each pulse interval needs to be preserved.
Therefore, if the bandwidth is confined to B = 1/2T, the maximum signaling rate achievable
through a low-pass filter with a specified bandwidth without causing excessive distortion is
given as the Nyquist rate and is equal to twice the bandwidth. Mathematically, the Nyquist
rate is
where:
R = signaling rate =1/T
B = specified bandwidth

This shows the distribution of the total spectrum

power. It can be seen that approximately 90% of the
signal power is contained within the first spectral null
(i.e., f = 1/T)

Pulse response: spectrum of square pulse with duration

1/T
 Intersymbol interference
(ISI)
is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols.
This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise,
thus making the communication less reliable. The spreading of the pulse beyond its allotted
time interval causes it to interfere with neighboring pulses
Four primary cause of
• Timing inaccuracies
ISI
Timing inaccuracies cause intersymbol interference if the rate of transmission does not conform to the ringing frequency
designed into the communications channel.

• Insufficient bandwidth
Timing errors are less likely to occur if the transmission rate is well below the channel bandwidth (i.e., the Nyquist
bandwidth is significantly below the channel bandwidth). As the bandwidth of a communications channel is reduced, the
ringing frequency is reduced, and intersymbol interference is more likely to occur.

• Amplitude distortion
It occurs when the peaks of pulses are reduced, causing improper ringing frequencies in the time
domain.
• Phase distortion
Phase distortion occurs when frequency components undergo different amounts of time delay while propagating through
the transmission medium.
Eye Patterns
An eye pattern is a convenient technique for determining the effects of the
degradations introduced into the pulses as they travel to the regenerator.

Eye diagram measurement setup

This figure is the test setup to display an eye pattern The received pulse stream is fed to the vertical input of the
oscilloscope, and the symbol clock is fed to the external trigger input, while the sweep rate is set approximately
equal to the symbol rate.
 The horizontal lines, separated by the signaling
interval, T, correspond to the ideal decision times.
The decision levels for the regenerator are
represented by crosshairs. The vertical hairs
represent the decision time, whereas the
horizontal hairs represent the decision level. The
eye pattern shows the quality of shaping and
timing and discloses any noise and errors that
might be present in the line equalization. The eye
opening (the area in the middle of the eye
pattern) defines a boundary within which no Eye diagram
waveform trajectories can exist under any code-
pattern condition.
 Eye diagram

it can be seen that at the center of the eye (i.e., the sampling instant) the opening is about
90%, indicating only minor ISI degradation due to filtering imperfections.
 The small degradation is due to the nonideal Nyquist
amplitude and phase characteristics of the transmission
system. Mathematically, the ISI degradation is
where :
H = ideal vertical opening (cm)
h = degraded vertical opening (cm)

For the eye diagram shown in Figure

For the eye diagram shown in Figure, it can also be seen that the overlapping signal pattern does
not cross the horizontal zero line at exact integer multiples of the symbol clock. This is an
impairment known as data transition jitter. This jitter has an effect on the symbol timing (clock)
recovery circuit and, if excessive, may significantly degrade the performance of cascaded
regenerative sections.
 REFERENCE
Advance Electronic Communications System 6th Edition by Wayne Tomasi

S
Intersymbol interference - Wikipedia
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