UNIVERSITY OF BAHRI

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

COURSE NAME: HEAT TRANSFER

COURSE CODE: ENME3104
YEAR: THIRD YEAR
LECTUER NO 1

BY: ATIF ALHAJ

atifuniv@gmail.com
 Lecture out lines:
 Definitions
 Thermodynamics & heat transfer
 Heat flow
 Thermal equilibrium
 Heat transfer modes
What is heat transfer?

What is difference between temperature & heat?

Temperature: It is a measure of how “hot” or “cold” an

object.

It is the measure of the motion (vibration or translation) of the

atom/molecules that make-up an object.

Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred from one

system to another as a result of temperature difference.
 THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
Thermodynamics show us:

• how much heat is transferred

• how much work is done

• final state of the system

Heat transfer show us:

• how (with what modes) is transferred

• at what rate is transferred

• temperature distribution inside the body

 Heat flow

• Heat flow from regions of high temperature to regions of

low temperature.
• We cannot measure heat flow but we can measure
temperature.
 Thermal Equilibrium

• Two bodies are in thermal

equilibrium with each other when
they have the same temperature.
• In nature, heat always flows from
hot to cold until thermal equilibrium

is reached.
Question:

If a cup of coffee and an ice cream are left on a table in a room

what would happen to them? Why?

The cup of coffee will cool until it reaches room temperature.

The ice cream will melt and then the liquid will warm to room
temperature.
 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Three modes of heat transfer:

1. Conduction
1

2. Convection

3. Radiation 2

3
We refer to different types of heat transfer processes as modes
 APPLICATIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER

 Human body
 Air conditioning system
 Heating system
 Electronics
 Power plants
 Refrigeration system
 HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY

Energy can exist in Numerous forms such as:

 Thermal
 Mechanical
 Kinetic
 Potential
 Electrical
 Magnetic
 Chemical
 Nuclear
Internal Energy and Enthalpy

 In the analysis of systems that

involves fluid flow, we
frequently encounter the
combination properties u
and Pv.

 The combination defined as

enthalpy (h = u+Pv)

 The term Pv represent the

flow energy of the fluid
(also called flow work)
Energy Transfer

Energy can be transfer to or from a given mass by two mechanisms:

Heat transfer & Work

 Heat transfer rate: the amount of heat transfer per unit

time.

 Heat flux: the rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to direction

of heat transfer.

 Power: work done per unit time.

 CONDUCTION

Conduction: The transfer of energy from the

more energetic particles of substance to adjacent
less energetic ones as the result of the interaction of
the particles.

In gases and liquid conduction is due to collisions

and diffusion of molecules during their random
motion.

In solids, conduction is due to the combination of

vibration the molecules and energy transferred by
free electrons.
 Metal, is due to free electrons collision.
 Non-metal, is due to vibrations of the molecules.

The mechanism of heat

conduction in deferent
phases of substance
Conduction examples

• When you touch a hot object, the heat you feel is transferred
through your skin by conduction.

• A spoon in a cup of hot soup becomes warmer because the

heat from the soup is conducted along the spoon.

• Energy loss from heated room to outside air through the wall
that separates the room air from the outside air.
Fourier's law of heat conduction

The rate of heat transfer through a plane layer is proportional

to the temperature difference across the layer and heat transfer
area, but is inversely to the thickness of the layer.

Where: K = is the thermal conductivity , A = crossed area

 Thermal conductivity (K): is a measure of
the ability of material to conduct heat.
 The negative sign in equation indicate that
the temperature gradient decrease when
the temperature decrease with increase of
x.
The high value of thermal
conductivity , indicates
that the material is a good
heat conductor, and the
low value of thermal
conductivity indicates that
the material is poor heat
conductor or insulator.
 Thermal Diffusivity:
Represent how fast
heat diffuse through
the material.
CONVECTION

Convection: The energy

transfer between solid
surface and adjacent liquid
or gas ( conduction + fluid
motion).
Two types of convection:
1. Free convection
2. Forced convection
RADIATION
THANK YOU