TECHNOLOGIES FOR WIRELESS GEOLOCATION

GBS
GBS Geolocation base station (obtain location parameters of mobile station directly or indirectly). BTS Base transceiver subsystem BSC Base station controller
BSC

BTS GBS

WIRELESS GEOLOCATION
GEOLOCATION Location based service to mobile user. GBS RECEIVER MS TRANSMITTER LOCATION OF GBS - (Xi , Yi) -> KNOWN LOCATION OF MS (Xm , Ym) -> TO BE FOUND

TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE THE LOCATION OF AN MS

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION BASED

DISTANCE BASED

FINGERPRINTING BASED

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION BASED

DISTANCE BASED

FINGERPRINTING BASED

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

DIRECTION-BASED
Direction is determined from the AOA (angle of arrival) of received signal. Receiver(GBS) measures the direction of the received signal from the target transmitter (MS) using directional antennas / antenna array. Accuracy depends on where the transmitter is located with respect to the receiver. More than 2 receivers are needed for accuracy.

GBS1

AOA TECHNIQUE

GBS2

DISADVANTAGES
CAUSE
LOS path may be blocked buildings, walls and cause errors.

EFFECT
Not suitable for indoor geolocation system.

Requires expensive array antennas at the receiver(GBS) to track the direction of arrival of signal.

Not suitable for low cost indoor applications.

APPLICATION
Can be used in next generation cellular system where smart antennas are used to increase capacity.

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION BASED

DISTANCE BASED

FINGERPRINTING BASED

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

DISTANCE BASED
Distance between the MS and GBS can be determined using parameters such as i. Time of arrival ii. Signal strength iii. Signal phase

DISTANCE-BASED
d1
GBS1

GBS2

GBS3

d3

d2

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION BASED

DISTANCE BASED

FINGERPRINTING BASED

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

Arrival time method uses 2 ways of identifying the distance : i. Time of arrival (TOA) ii. Time difference of arrival (TDOA)

TOA
It is based on the propagation time of signal from a MS to multiple GBSs. It provides circles centered on the mobile or fixed transceiver.

TDOA
It is the difference in TOA used to locate the mobile.

It provides hyperbolas on which the receiver(GBS) must be located at foci.

TOA
Requires knowledge of the transmit time of transmitter. Hence strict time synchronization between MS and the GBSs is required.

TDOA
Does not require transit time.

Requires time synchronization only among all GBSs.

RLS ALGORITHM
It is used when there are errors in the distance measurements. Let the distance di from the i th GBS , di=c* where c velocity of light time taken by the signal to reach the GBS.

 Location of i th GBS (xi , yi) Location of mobile (x , y) We have N equations of the form: fi(x , y)= (x-xi)^2 + (y-yi)^2-di^2=0 for i= 1,2,3, ,N.

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION BASED

DISTANCE BASED

FINGERPRINTING BASED

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD

If the transmitted power is known, measuring the RSS (received signal strength) at the GBS can provide an estimate of the distance. Distance is determined using a circle, centered on the receiver(GBS), on which the mobile transmitter must lie. Accuracy can be improved by using premeasured RSS contours and by using fuzzy logic algorithm.

ADVANTAGES
Low complexity receiver

DISADVANTAGES
Very unreliable due to shadow fading (fluctuations around the mean value and expected value caused due to signal being blocked from GBS). GBS do not distinguish between signal strength in los path and reflected path.

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION BASED

DISTANCE BASED

FINGERPRINTING BASED

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

Reference receivers (GBSs) measure the carrier phase.
ADVANTAGES: Differential GPS can improve location accuracy from about 20m to within 1m. DISADVANTAGES: Ambiguity resulting from periodic property of the signal phase. Multipath condition causes more errors.

APPLICATION
Used in indoor geolocation system, along with TOA/TDOA or RSS method to fine- tune the location of MS.

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION BASED

DISTANCE BASED

FINGERPRINTING BASED

ARRIVAL TIME METHOD

SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD

FINGERPRINTING-BASED
Develops a signature database of a location grid in specific service areas. The received signal is measured as a vehicle moves along this grid in specific areas and recorded in signature database. When another vehicle moves in the same area, the signal received from it is compared with the entry in the database, thus its location is determined.

APPLICATOON
Can be used in indoor applications.

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