Concept of aerobic capacity (Video)

 Aerobic ATP resynthesis (video)

 Concept of capacity (performance)

 Aerobic exercise. Aerobic power, capacity,

efficiency, kinetics. Aerobic endurance.
 Classification of aerobic exercises (by
intensity) .
 Why aerobic capcity is important ?

Health

Fatigue and endurance Recovery

AEROBIC
CAPACITY
the cytosol into mitochondria. There, each pyruvate molecule is converted into CO 2 plus a two-carbon acetyl group—which becomes
attached to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl CoA, 
Stage 3 of the oxidative breakdown of food molecules takes place entirely in mitochondria. The acetyl group in acetyl CoA is linked
to coenzyme A 
the acetyl group is oxidized to CO2 in these reactions, and large amounts of the electron carrier NADH are generated. Finally, the high-
energy electrons from NADH are passed along an electron-transport chain within the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the energy
released by their transfer is used to drive a process that produces ATP and consumes molecular oxygen (O 2) , the phosphorylation of ADP
to form ATP that is driven by electron transport in the mitochondrion is known as oxidative phosphorylation.
 1. Aerobic ATP resynthesis
ATP – universal energy source

Fosforo rūgšties liekanos Ribozė Adeninas

Adenozinas
 There are 3 distinct yet closely integrated processes that operate
together to satisfy the energy requirements of muscle. The
anaerobic energy system is divided into alactic and lactic
components, referring to the processes involved in the splitting of
the stored phosphagens, ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr), and the
nonaerobic breakdown of carbohydrate to lactic acid through
glycolysis. The aerobic energy system refers to the combustion of
carbohydrates and fats in the presence of oxygen. The anaerobic
pathways are capable of regenerating ATP at high rates yet are
limited by the amount of energy that can be released in a single bout
of intense exercise. In contrast, the aerobic system has an enormous
capacity yet is somewhat hampered in its ability to delivery energy
quickly. 
ATP – universal energy source for biological systems
ADENOSIN Energy PHOSPHATE Energy PHOSPHATE Energy PHOSPHATE

Movement, active transport, biosynthesis

ATP ADP
Photosynthesis, oxidation of energy sources
Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins
1 stage
Fatty acids Glucose Amino acids
Glycerol
Acetilcoenzyme A 2 stage

ATP ADP Coenzyme A

Oxidative Krebs cycle 3 stage

O2 e -
phosphorilation

H2O 2 CO2
 Biological work
ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP Mechanical
Chemical
Transport

ATP-ase
Energy

Creatinkynase

Anaerobic alactic ATP resynthesis

 ATP Resynthesis for Metabolic Energy

The hydrolysis and resynthesis of ATP is

thus a circular process—ATP is hydrolyzed
into ADP and Pi, and then ADP and
Pi combine to resynthesize ATP. Alternatively,
two ADP molecules can combine to produce
ATP and AMP: ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP.
Anaerobic
glycolisis
Anaerobic glycolysis is the transformation of glucose to lactate when limited amounts of
oxygen (O2) are available. Anaerobic glycolysis is only an effective means of energy
production during short, intense exercise, providing energy for a period ranging from 10
seconds to 2 minutes

 During anaerobic glycolysis, the reduced

cofactor, NADH+ H+ (which equals
NADH2), formed by the enzyme GAPDH is
reconverted to NAD+ during the formation
of lactate. The overall reaction produces
two molecules of ATP, independently of
oxygen.
 Interaction between aerobic and anaerobic ATP resynthesis
In myofibrils, during exercise (contraction) ADP levels are very high, which favors
resynthesis of ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine breaks down to creatine, giving its inorganic
phosphate for ATP formation. ... At the onset of exercise phosphocreatine is broken down to
provide ATP for muscle contraction.
Myofibrils
↑
ATP→ ADP + Pi
CrP + ADP = ATP + Cr

ATP + Cr = CrP + ADP

Mitochondria

The resynthesis of ATP by mitochondrial respiration occurs in mitochondria

and involves the combustion of fuel in the presence of sufficient oxygen.
 Energetics of physical activity (summary)
Muscle work
(~ 80% of total energy)

ATP
Pathways of
resynthesis ANAEROBIC AEROBIC
Oxygen Not required Necessary

Oxidation Oxidation
Anaerobic Anaerobic lactic
Ways alactic (anaerobic glicolysis)
Aerobic glikolysis of fatty of amino
acids acids

Source of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

PC, ADP (glycogen, glucose) (glycogen, glucose)
Lipids Proteins
energy

Lactae Not produced Produced Not produced

Rate of ATP
Very high High Moderate Low Low
resynthesis

Total ATP
Low Moderate High Very high High
produced
 Aerobic exercise utilizes oxygen to
break down carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins in order to form ATP. This system
is a bit slower than the anaerobic
pathways because it relies on the
circulatory system to transport oxygen to
working muscles, but it can produce
greater amounts of ATP.
 2. Terms

Capacity, fitness, performance,

ability to work
Aerobic capacity (fitness, performance)

(aerobic performance/capacity/fitness;
aerobe Leistungsfähigkeit

The ability to perform exercise where mechanical

energy is mostly derived from energetic resources
consuming oxygen
Aerobic exercise (work). Aerobic power,
capacity, efficiency, kinetics. Aerobic
endurance.
Dinamic Intensity < lactate (accumulation)
threshold
Aerobic exercise (work)

AEROBIC CAPACITY (performance)

Aerobic power Kinetics
Maximal oxygen uptake Rate of changing VO2 and and
Maximal aerobic power other cardiopulmonary
parameters during on- and off-

Aerobic endurance
transition to exercise Efficiency
Anaerobic (lactate) Ratio between mechanical work
thresholds and energy (oxygen) consumed
 Aerobic power and capacity
(endurance)

14 3,5

suvartojimas, l/min
Laktatas, mmol/l

12 3
10 2,5

Deguonies
8 2
6 1,5
La
4 1
DS
2 0,5
0 0
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275

Krûvis, W
Kinetics of VO2
 Kinetics of oxygen uptake

4000

3500

3000

2500
VO2, ml/min

2000
Dviratininkas
1500 Imtynininkas
1000

500

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Laikas, s
 Aerobic power is the ability of the
muscles to use oxygen received form
the heart and lungs to produce energy.
More efficient this process becomes,
aerobic power improves. Therefore
aerobic power is usually monitored and
tested using VO2 max. Maximal aerobic
speed (MAS)
Aerobic efficiency (economy)
The theory behind aerobic
efficiency is simple: it measures
the ratio of intensity to effort.
For running, intensity is
indicated by your pace: higher
pace = higher intensity. For
cycling intensity comes
from your watts: higher watts =
higher intensity.
Aerobic efficiency (economy)
In all sports the effort in this calculation is
measured by your average heart rate. We know
from basic physiology that as your intensity
increases your heart rate must also increase -
muscles require more oxygen supplied by your
heart. On the other hand, a more efficient athlete
will be able to maintain a higher intensity with
lower effort, resulting in a higher AE ratio.
 Interaction among maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic
efficiency, anaerobic thresholds and endurance
performance (marathon running time)
90 Ge ras ekonomiškumas
Blogas e konomiškumas
To run marathon in 2 h 10 min 80

you need to run by mean 19.48

O2 suvartojimas, ml/kg/min
70

km/h speed.
60
At this speed runners consumes on
50
average 57-63 ml/kg/min of oxygen,
and this depends on running 40

economy (aerobic efficiency) 30

13,8 15 16,2 17,4 18,6 19,8 21 22,2 23,4
Marathon is usually run at the Bėgimo greitis, km/h
120
intensity 80-85 % of VO2max 100
Netre niruoti
Dide lio meistriškumo
depending on anaerobic thresholds 80
% nuo VO2max

and other endurance parameters). 60

The runners VO2max should be 71.2 40

- 78.8 ml/kg/min. 20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Maksimali darbo truk mė, val
 Relative contribution of aerobic and anaerobic ATP
resynthesis during exercise of different limit duration
 Relative contribution of aerobic and anaerobic ATP
resynthesis during exercise of different limit duration
Classification of aerobic exercises
Zones of intensity of cyclic aerobic activities

Heavy Severe
Maximal
Moderate
14 3,5

suvartojimas, l/min
Laktatas, mmol/l

12 3
10 2,5

Deguonies
8 2
6 1,5
La
4 1
DS
2 0,5
0 0
50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275

Krûvis, W
Classification of aerobic exercises
Zones of intensity of cyclic aerobic activities
Contribution
of aerobic Peak Record
Title of the Physiological Main energy
ATP power, duration,
intensity limits sources
resynthesis in kcal/min min
%

Max aerobic
Maximal 60-70 Muscle glycogen 25 10-15
power, VO2max

Between lactate
accumulation
Muscle glycogen,
Severe threshold and 80-90 20 30
lipids, blood glucose
maximal
aerobic power
Between lactate
Muscle glycogen,
and lactate
Heavy > 90 muscle and blood 14-17 120-240
accumulation
lipids, blood glucose
thresholds
Muscle and blood
Below lactate lipids, muscle
Moderate 100 < 12 > 240
threshold glycogen and blood
glucose
Comparison of different criteria of aerobic
exercise intensity classification
Intensity Physiological VO2 HR % Rates of perceived Points
limits % of % of increase exertion (Borg’
max. max of HR s scale)
reserve

Maximal Max aerobic 100 100 100 Very very heavy 20

power, VO2max

Severe Between lactate >85 >90 >80 Very heavy 17-19

accumulation
threshold and
maximal aerobic
power
Heavy Between lactate 60-84 70-89 60-79 Heavy 14-16
and lactate
accumulation
thresholds
Moderate Below lactate 40-59 55-69 45-59 Light 12-13
threshold
Low Far below lactate <39 <55 <45 Very light <11
threshold
 Concept of aerobic capacity

 Aerobic ATP resynthesis

 Concept of capacity (performance)

 Aerobic exercise. Aerobic power, capacity,

efficiency, kinetics. Aerobic endurance.
 Classification of aerobic exercises (by
intensity) .