CHAPTER I: UNIVERSE

AND SOLAR SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
HOW BIG IS THE UNIVERSE?
COSMOLOGY
VS
ASTRONOMY
TAKE NOTE OF THE FOLLOWING:
• BARYONIC MATTER – “ordinary” matter consisting of subatomic particles.
• DARK MATTER – matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
• DARK ENERGY – a source of anti-gravity.
• PROTOSTAR – an early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the
gravitational collapse of gases.
• THERMONUCLEAR REACTION – a nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the
energy produced by stars.
• MAIN SEQUENCE STARS – stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium
atoms in their cores; outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is
balanced by gravitational forces.
• LIGHT YEARS - the distance light can travel in a year.
STUDYING THE UNIVERSE
Edwin Hubble at Mt. Wilson
Hubble’s observations at the 100 inch during the
1920’s led him to the conclusion that the universe
is expanding, and that an object’s recession velocity
is proportional to its distance from the observer.

The Hooker 100 inch telescope atop Mt. Wilson

Hubble guiding the Hooker near Pasadena, CA. It was the largest telescope in
100 inch telescope in 1923. the world from 1917-1947.
REDSHIFT OF GALAXIES

Edwin Hubble (1929): “Universe is

expanding in all directions”
REDSHIFTED HYDROGEN BALMER SERIES LINES:
QUASAR 3C273 – ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS POWERED BY A SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE

SPECTRAL LINES OF
STARLIGHT MADE TO
PASS THROUGH A
PRISM ARE SHIFTED
TOWARD THE RED PART
(HIGHER
WAVELENGTH) OF THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM.
QUESTIONS:

• WHERE DO YOU THINK THE SOUND IS

COMING FROM IN THE VIDEO 1?
WHY?
• HOW ABOUT IN VIDEO 2? WHY?
REDSHIFT OF GALAXIES
HUBBLE’S LAW

• More distant galaxies are younger

• The greater the distance to a galaxy, the greater is the galaxy’s
redshift
• Most galaxies are found in clusters
• The greater the distance to a galaxy, the fainter the galaxy appears.
STRING THEORY
CYCLIC MODEL
MULTI VERSE
MBOMBO
BIG BANG THEORY GENESIS

STEADY STATE THEORY STORY OF GOD PURUSHA

CREATION BY A SUPREME BEING

 • Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE which narrate that the world arose from an infinite
NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS sea at the first rising of the sun.
• The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of
a creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a
dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense
stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and
moon.
• In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed
Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes,
and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon
respectively.
• The monotheistic religions of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam claim that a supreme being
created the universe, including man and other
living organisms.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS

• Steady state theory

• Big bang theory
• Pulsating universe theory
• String theory
• M-theory
• Cyclic model
• Inflationary theory
STEADY STATE THEORY
• The universe is
unchanging in time
and uniform in space.
• Proposed by
Hermann Bondi,
Thomas Gould and
Fred Hoyle in 1948.
BIG BANG THEORY
• Introduced by Georges
Lamaitre as the primeval
atom hypothesis (cosmic
egg hypothesis)
• Coined and revised by
George Gamow.
OTHER THEORIES
STRING THEORY