Co related to chapter

Draw Iron carbon phase

equilibrium diagram; identify
phases of steels and cast iron on
diagram to interpret their
significance.

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Pure metal
A pure metal is a substance that contains atoms of only
one type of metallic element, such as aluminum, gold,
copper, lead or zinc.
Alloy
An alloy is a material composed of two or more metals or
a metal and a nonmetal.
Phase
a phase is a region of space , throughout which all physical
properties of a material are essentially uniform.
In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the
ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and
the humid air over the water is a third phase. The glass of
the jar is another separate phase
Solid solubility

The degree to which one solid component can dissolve

another.

or

The extent to which one metal is capable of forming solid

solutions with another.
Solid Solutions

4
Solid Solutions

5
 

Allotropy of Iron

Iron changes its crystal structure from BCC to

FCC at 910 c , then again to BCC at 1400 c
and further heating , it melts at 1539 c . This
change of crystal structure Is called allotropy.
Temp

1539 0C

14000C

910 0C

Time
 Allotropy of Iron

1539
1400

910
768
 Phases in Steel

α-ferrite
Interstitial solid solution of carbon dissolve in
α-iron having BCC structure.
Maximum solubility of carbon in α-iron is
0.02% (at 7270C)
At room temperature solubility is 0.008%
 Phases in Steel

0.025 wt% C

1600

1400 L
T(°C)  +L


Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
1000
 + Fe3C
800 727°C
R S
600  + Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
C Co , wt% C CFe
3C
 Phases in Steel

Properties of α-ferrite
Soft and ductile phase
Ferromagnetic upto temperature(7680C)

Tensile Strength 40,000psi

Elongation 40% (2in GL)
Hardness 80 BHN
Toughness Low
 Phases in Steel

Microstructure of α-ferrite
 Phases in Steel

Austenite (γ)
Interstitial solid solution of carbon dissolve in
γ-iron having FCC structure.
Maximum solubility of carbon in γ-iron is 2%
(at 11470C)
Stable only above 7270C
 Phases in Steel

CO = 2 wt% C

1600

1400 L
T(°C)  +L


Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1147°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
1000
 + Fe3C
800 727°C
S
600  + Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Co , wt% C
 Phases in Steel

Properties of Austenite
Soft and ductile phase
Non magnetic

Tensile Strength 1,50,000psi

Elongation 10%
Hardness Rc 40
Toughness High
 Phases in Steel

Microstructure of Austenite
 Phases in Steel

δ-ferrite
Interstitial solid solution of carbon dissolve in
δ-iron having BCC structure.
Maximum solubility of carbon in δ-iron is
0.1% (at 14920C)
Stable only above 14000C
 Phases in Steel

CO = 0.1 wt% C

1600
1492 
1400 L
T(°C)  +L


Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1147°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
1000
 + Fe3C
800 727°C
S
600  + Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Co , wt% C
 Phases in Steel

Iron Carbide (Cementite)

compound of iron and carbon with fixed
carbon content of 6.67% and having
orthorhombic structure.
Chemical formula Fe3C
 Phases in Steel

Properties of Iron Carbide

(Cementite)
Extremely hard and brittle phase
Ferromagnetic upto 2100C
Tensile Strength 5000psi
Elongation 1%
Hardness 900-1200 VHN
Toughness Very Low
Compressive Strength Very High
 Transformations
Peritectic reaction:
S1 + L S2

 Eutectic reaction:

L S1 + S2

 Eutectoid reaction:

S1 S2 + S3

9-5
 Transformations
Peritectic reaction:
General Reaction:
S1 + L S2

Reaction in steel:
14920C
Liquid + δ γ
Cooling
0.55%C 0.1% C 0.18% C
BCC FCC

9-5
Iron-Carbon System
 Transformations
Eutectic reaction:
General Reaction:
L S1 + S2
Reaction in steel:

Liquid 11470C γ + Fe3C

4.3%C Cooling 2% C 6.67% C
FCC Orthorhom

9-5
Iron-Carbon System
 Transformations
Eutectoid reaction:
General Reaction:
S1 S2 + S3
Reaction in steel:

γ 7270C α + Fe3C
0.8%C Cooling 0.02% C 6.67% C
FCC BCC Orthorhombic

9-5
 Eutectoid reaction:
γ 7270C α + Fe3C
0.8%C Cooling 0.02% C 6.67% C
FCC BCC Orthorhombic
This eutectoid mixture is called Pearlite due to its pearly
appearance under microscope.

Pearlite: It is a eutectoid mixture of alpha ferrite

and cementite formed from austenite containing
0.8%C while cooling at 7270C

9-5
Iron-Carbon System
 Phases in Steel

Properties of Pearlite
Good Hardness and T.S.
magnetic

Tensile Strength 1,20,000psi

Elongation 20% (2in GL)
Hardness Rc 20 (250 BHN)
Toughness High
Why Solubility of Carbon in Austenite is Very
High?

α-ferrite
BCC
Why Solubility of Carbon in Austenite is
Very High?

Austenite
FCC
Classification of Steels
Steels are classified base on various
criterions:
Amount of carbon
Amount of alloying elements
Amount of deoxidation
Grain Coasening Characteristics
Method of Manufacturing
Depth of Hardening
Form and use
Classification of Steels
Amount of carbon
Low carbon steel
(0.008 – 0.3 %C)

Medium carbon steel

(0.3 – 0.6 %C)

High carbon steel

(0.6 – 2 %C)
Classification of Steels
On the basis of alloying elements

Low alloy steels

(Total alloying elements are less than 10%)

High alloy steels

(Total alloying elements are more than 10%)
Classification of Steels
On the basis of alloying elements and
carbon content
Low carbon Low alloy steels

Low carbon High alloy steels

Medium carbon Low alloy steels

Medium carbon High alloy steels

High carbon Low alloy steels

High carbon High alloy steels

Classification of Steels
On the basis of form and us
Based on form:
Cast steels
Wrought steels
Based on Use:
Boiler steels
Case hardening steels
Corrosion and heat resistant steels
Deep drawing steels
Electrical steels
Free Cutting steels
Machinery steels
Structural steels
Tool steels
Specification of Steels
Steels are specified on the basis of
criteria like:
Chemical Composition
Mechanical Properties
Method of manufacturing
Heat Treatment
Quality
Majority of specifications are based
on chemical composition.
Iron-Carbon System
 Cooling curve of pure metal
Liquid metal cools from P to Q.
Crystal begin to form at Q.
Between Q and R the mass is
partly liquid and partly solid.
From R to S metal solidifies.
Temperature remains constant
from Q o R.
Cooling curve for binary solid
solution
Here temperature does not remain constant
but drop along the line QR.
Cooling curve for binary eutectic
system
In this system , the two
components are
completely soluble in
liquid state but entirely in
soluble in in solid state.
At point Q one component
that is in excess will
crystallize and temperature
will drop along QR.
at point R, two components
crystallize simultaneously
from solution

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