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Electrical machine

Introduction
 Electrical Machines
An electrical machine is a device that can convert
either mechanical energy to electrical energy (generator)
or electrical energy to mechanical energy (motor).any
.machine can be used as either a generator or a motor
 Electrical Machines

Transformer AC Machines DC Machines

Synchronous
Single phase Machine DC Motor
Generator•
Motor•

Induction
Three phase Machines DC
Generator• Generator
Motor•
 DC Machines
 Construction of DC Machine

Stator: stationary part Rotor : rotating part of

of the machine the machine
 Stator

Yoke Poles Field winding

 Rotor
Rotor of dc machine is often called “armature” as it
holds the armature windings.
1) Rotor or armature
2) Commutator
3) Brushes
 Types of DC machines

DC motor DC generator
 DC Motor

• Electric motors receive electrical energy as

input and provide mechanical energy as output.
 BASIS OF MOTOR ACTION
A force is induced on a current-carrying wire placed
within a magnetic field. The direction of the force is
given by Fleming’s left-hand rule.
 Types of DC motor

Separately excited

shunt

series

compound
 DC Generator

• Electric generators receive mechanical energy

as input and provide electrical energy as output.
 BASIS OF GENERATOR ACTION
A wire, moving through a magnetic field, has a voltage
is induced in it. If the wire circuit is closed, a current is
induced with a direction determined according to
Fleming’s right hand rule.
 Types of DC generator

Separately excited

shunt

series

compound
 AC Machines
 Synchronous machines
• Synchronous machines are AC machines that have a
field circuit supplied by an external DC source.

• a DC current is applied to the rotor winding

producing a rotor magnetic field.
 A synchronous alternator has two sets of windings
of wires.

• Rotor Winding (Field Winding) creates the magnetic

field that the alternator needs to make electricity.

• Stator Winding (Armature Winding) collects the

electricity that is generated,
Construction of synchronous
Rotor
There are two types of rotors used in synchronous
machines:
i) cylindrical (or round) rotors
ii) salient pole rotors

cylindrical salient pole

Stator
 The stator of a synchronous machine carries the
armature or load winding which is a three-phase
winding.
  In a synchronous generator

 a DC current is applied to the rotor winding

producing a rotor magnetic field.

 The rotor is then turned by external means

producing a rotating magnetic field, which induces a
3-phase voltage within the stator winding.
 In a synchronous motor

 a 3-phase set of stator currents produces a rotating

magnetic field causing the rotor magnetic field to
align with it.

 The rotor magnetic field is produced by a DC

current applied to the rotor winding.
  Induction Machine
• No DC field current is required to run the machine. Rotor
voltage is induced in the rotor windings rather than being
physically connected by wires.
• Induction machine has the same physical stator as a
synchronous machine with a different rotor construction.
• Induction machines can be operated as either motors and
generator. However, they are primarily used as induction
motors.
• Induction machines are by far the most common type of
motor used in industrial, commercial or residential settings.
 Construction Induction Machine
Stator
A three-phase windings is put in slots cut on the inner
surface of the stationary part. The ends of these
windings can be connected in star or delta to form a
three phase connection. These windings are fed from a
three-phase ac supply.
Rotor
it can be either:
a- Squirrel-cage (brushless)
• The squirrel-cage winding consists of bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at both ends by end rings.
• The squirrel-cage rotor is the most common type because
it is more rugged, more economical, and simpler.
b- Slip ring (wound-rotor)
• The wound-rotor winding has the same form as the
stator winding. The windings are connected in star.
The terminals of the rotor windings are connected
to three slip rings. Using stationary brushes pressing
against the slip rings, the rotor terminals can be
connected to an external circuit.
 Transformer

 Transformer is a static device .

 Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
 It does so without a change of frequency.
 It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction.
 Where the circuits are in mutual inductive influence
of each other.
 Construction Transformer:-
i. Iron core
ii. Primary winding
iii. Secondary winding