CHOLERA,

SIGNS AND
CAUSES OF IT
Made by: Borjan, Andrej T. and Leon
 What is cholera?
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of
the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms may range from
none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large
amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few
days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur.

This may result in sunken eyes, cold

skin, decreased skin elasticity, and
wrinkling of the hands and
feet. Dehydration can cause the skin to
turn bluish. Symptoms start two hours
to five days after exposure.
How is cholera caused?
Cholera is caused by a number
of types of Vibrio cholerae, with
some types producing more
severe disease than others. It is
spread mostly by unsafe
water and unsafe food that has
been contaminated with human
feces containing the bacteria.
Undercooked shellfish is a
common source. Humans are the
only known host for the bacteria.
Risk factors for the disease include
poor sanitation, not enough
clean drinking water, and poverty.
Signs and symptoms of cholera
Prevention from cholera
The World Health Organization (WHO)
recommends focusing on prevention,
preparedness, and response to combat the
spread of cholera. They also stress the
importance of an effective surveillance
system. Governments can play a role in all of
these areas.
Cholera vaccine

Cholera vaccines are vaccines that are effective at

preventing cholera.[8] For the first six months after
vaccination they provide about 85 percent protection,
which decreases to 50 percent or 62 percent during the
first year. After two years the level of protection decreases
to less than 50 percent. When enough of the population is
immunized, it may protect those who have not been
immunized (known as herd immunity).
Mechanism of the cholera
Genetic structure of cholera

Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting of the

pandemic isolates of V. cholerae has revealed variation in the
genetic structure. Two clusters have been identified: Cluster I
and Cluster II. For the most part, Cluster I consists of strains
from the 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II largely contains
strains from the 1980s and 1990s, based on the change in the
clone structure. This grouping of strains is best seen in the
strains from the African continent.
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