Dr. S.P.

Sivapirakasam
Associate Professor
Industrial Safety Group
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Tiruchirappalli
How Safety Evolved?????
 1900 :-
 Invention and application of new tools for mass production brought
danger.

 Fatality due to industrial accidents were more than the world war .

 Employers ignored the problem as a disabled worker could be easily

replaced and wages were low.

 Workers and managers believed that accidents were inevitable.

 Accident was considered as an "act of god”(it was a time when people

believed that sickness was the result of evil spirits or a curse of god).
 1930 :-
Accelerated the upward trend of serious and fatal
injuries. The news papers became interested and
published more details about serious cases which made
public interest grew on safety.
 1940 :-
Safety and productivity was looked as two sides of the
same coin.
productivity

Safety
1941 :-
Organization called American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists was formed.
1944:-
The Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances
(TLV®-CS) Committee was established.
1948:-
Indian full factories act was passed and came into
force from 1st April,1949.
1970:-
OSH Administration, USA created NIOSH.
1980:-
Awareness to eliminate or reduce the occupational
diseases was evolved.

QU
e ty

AL
sa f

I
TY
PRODUCTIVITY

1996:-
ISO 14001 environment management system was evolved.
1999:-
The OHSAS 18001 standard was developed to bridge the
gap where no international standard existed for
occupational health and safety.
2010 onwards….
Now, Safety is looked as an integral part of business.
More focus has been made in implementing successful
Safety Management Safety and to improve safety culture
Traditional safety system and its focus
In a traditional safety system, focuses were made to
eliminate the unsafe act at the work place.
But, it failed to understand why the person behaved
unsafely.
This leads to the modern safety concept. That is
considering the behavioral aspect of employee and its
impact on safety and to find solution.

DuPont proved by research that:

Injury Causes Percent

Injuries due to combination of Unsafe Behavior &
96
Conditions
Injuries due Unsafe Conditions 4
MODERN ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODEL

Thresold Limit

Lack Basic Immediate

Causes Incident Loss
Causes
of
Control Personal,
Social, and
Environ Unintended
Unsafe
Inadequate Factors behavior Harm
Event
System
or
Standards
Compliance Job/System Substandard Damage
Factors conditions
Class Exercise  Think of your work place for a moment.
 Think of some of the common hazards or
substandard practices that may go
around in your working place
 Every where you have come across.
 These are the hazards we tend to take for
granted because we see them so often.
 We just assume they’ve always been that
way and we make adjustments to work
around them.
 For example, it might be that frayed carpet
with the turned up corner, or the missing
piece of handrail on the staircase, or that
electrical cord in front of the machine.

List as many of these hazards as you

can think of

Mostly these hazards are due to unsafe behavior / job factors

 How can we change this type of
BEHAVIOUR in a
workplace???????????????

Using the BBS programme

 A business succeeds or fails
through the performance of
all of its employees

Business is Behavior

SUCCCESS = Good Performance

FAILURE = Bad Performance
PERFORMANCE = Combined result of a series of
BEHAVIOURS
 What is BBS?

It is a scientific way to understand

why people behave the way they
do when it comes to safety
 Implementation of BBS
Programme

 Observe unsafe behaviour - Checklist

 Pinpoint the Target behaviours
 Look for positive reinforcement
 Deliver Feedback for change
CHECKLIST

Measurement System
 Understand peoples behaviour is all about
looking for the drives behind their behaviour

Personal Factor
 Genetics ( Ancestry)
 Bio- rythem( Shift work) Deficiency (physical( hearing
ability and color blindness, mental(Normal, imbecile ,
moron and idiot)
Social Factor
 Region (State, Race)
 Rules (Road signal, No parking)
• Environmental Factors
 Confusing sensory(lighting, visual contrasts
 Unfamiliar environment(new learning, perception)
Behavioral pattern
• Repetitive - Motion of the activity they may
previously have carried out at work

• Sarcastic -constantly criticise everyone around him

because the person feel inferior and that’s the only
way he fells superior

• Showy –want to be famous because all this actions

helps him capture the attention he wants

• Stereotype (accident case study)

 REINFORCEMENT
The behavioural patterns varies from company to
company so we need separate solutions

•Some suggestive measures:

I. Add value
II. Technological solution
III. Motivation – reward, grading system
IV. Self realisation
V. Make a plan and try it - Be creative .
VI. If the new strategies you tried did not reduce the changed
behaviour as you had planned then try other strategies

‘SELF REALISATION’
If BBS is properly applied , then it is an effective
next step towards creating a truly proactive
safety culture where loss prevention is a core
value
Evolution of Safety Culture
GENERATIVE
Culture Ladder Future HSE is how we do business round
here

PROACTIVE
we work on the problems that we still After 2010
find
Increasingly
informed
2000 onwards
CALCULATIVE Nuclear
we have systems in place to manage all
hazards industries

REACTIVE
Safety is important, we do a lot every time
we have an accident

Increasing
Trust/Accountability
PATHOLOGICAL Early
E ?
who cares as long as we’re not caught
1990’s W
ARE
ERE
WH
 REACTIVE PRO-ACTIVE

CULTURE CULTURE
MITIGATION MEASURES HAZARD
CONSEQUENCE THREAT

Top-Down Approach
CONTROL CONTROL
Down- Top Approach

RECOVERY
Transformation
Improved safety
Hazardous

system
Event

TYPES OF SAFETY CULTURE

 Proactive V’s Reactive Safety Culture
Characteristic Reactive Pro-Active
Incident investigation Unsafe conditions & Root causes &
focus unsafe acts management system

Management safety Absence of injuries Improving safety

evaluation based on systems

Activities oriented Physical hazards, Improving key system

towards contests & gimmicks elements & behaviour

Employee safety Not well prepared Transformation Planned and educational

meetings

Safety training Conducted in response to Planned & linked to

regulatory requirements improved understanding
of system
Group recognition based Safe work hours without Improving safety &
on accident health
 Safety Culture

Psychological Aspects Behavioural Aspects Situational Aspects

How people feel What people do What the organisation has

• Safety culture can not be measured

The Culture Iceberg
 Iceberg has 90% of its
weight below the
surface, out of sight.
This huge lump below
the surface carries far
more weight than the
10% you see above

 Culture is below the

waterline, its simply
how we do things
around here !
Safety Culture
Good Safety is more than just slogans, safety
boots, ear plugs and posters

The extent to which they are taken seriously

depends on the Health & Safety culture in
the workplace

YOU WILL ACHIEVE THE LEVEL OF

SAFETY
THAT YOU DEMONSTRATE YOU WANT
TO ACHIEVE
Is it transformation possible

Technology and system improvements have made

great contributions to safety.

However, part of being safe is about attitudes and

paying attention to what your surroundings are
telling you.

Whether through data or through the input of

employees and others, recognizing that many
opportunities exist to stop an accident is the first
step in moving from reactive to predictive thinking.
 When Factors Causing Losses Are
Eliminated/Controlled

By Installing
An effective Safety Management System

then you can Control

Factors Causing Waste Of Time, Effort &
Resources

And This Enables

Maximization Of Profits
This may require a complete
Classculture
Exercisechange in the
organization by
implementing Effective
Safety Management
system.
Class Exercise
Sit with your team members and discuss the hazards
that are identified by your team members. Answer the
question below, make a list and be prepared to discuss
this with other groups

1.Consolidate the list of hazards that you would like to share among other
groups (preferably you can share at least 3 hazards of different nature)

2.What is the present organizational set up procedure to communicate

these hazards to the management? How are you ensuring that hazard
control is in place?

3.What system you suggest that will be effective to replace ?(Change

management)
SMS Functions
1. Safety Policy 8. Training &
2. Safety committee Communication
3. Hazard Assessment 9. Inspections
4. Safe Work 10. Investigations &
Practices/Procedures Reporting
5. Safety Rules 11. Emergency
Preparedness
6. Personal Protective
Equipment 12. Statistics & Records
7. Preventative Maintenance 13. Legislation
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Safety Continuous
rules Policy Improvement
SoP
Safety
Accident Policy Work site
investigati
on analysis
Audit
Plans
Hazard communication
Safety
Drills Safety Training

No Structure Structure
 Elements of Safety Management System

Management Commitment and

Employee Involvement

Safety and Health and Worksite Analysis

Training

Hazard Prevention and

Control

All the above elements are independent but are interrelated

Management Commitment and
Employee Involvement
• These are complementary
elements
• Management commitment
provides motivation and
resources
• Employee involvement allows
workers to develop and
express commitment to safety
and health
Employee Involvement
• Encourage employees to get involved in the
program and in decisions that affect their safety
and health
• Communicate responsibility for all program
aspects

34
Worksite Analysis
• Examine the worksite
and identify:
 existing hazards
 conditions and operations
where changes might occur
to create hazards
 Management must
actively analyze the
work and the
worksite to
anticipate and
prevent harmful
occurrences
36
Worksite analysis – Recommended Actions
Hazard Prevention and Control
• Start by determining that a
hazard or potential hazard
exists
• Where feasible, prevent
hazards by effective design
of job or job site
• If the hazard cannot be
eliminated, use hazard
controls
• Eliminate or control
hazards in a timely manner

38
 Hazard Prevention and Control
To prevent and control hazards:
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment
Safe work practices
communicated
via training, positive
reinforcement,
correction of unsafe
performance,
and enforcement

39
Hazard Prevention and Control
Hazard Prevention Planning
• Maintain the facility and
equipment
• Emergency planning
 Training and drills, as needed
• Medical program
 First aid on site
 Physician and emergency care
nearby

40
Safety and Health Training
• Training is the backbone of this
system

• Address the safety and health

responsibilities

 Employees must understand the

hazards they may be exposed to and
how to prevent harm to themselves
and others from hazard exposure

42
Class Exercise
Sit with your team
Answer the question below, make a list and be prepared
to discuss this with other groups
What are the benefits on implementing Safety
Management System & BBS in your organization?

 Benefits to the Employees

 Benefits to the Organization
 Benefits to the Community
The key is…
The Employees are valuable problem solver
because they are so close to the action
As they interact with potential hazards everyday
“We must be the change we wish to see
in the world.”

Gandhi
E

Thank YOU