CELLUL

AR
 reactions that break
down glucose to produce
ATP, which may be used
as energy to power many
reactions throughout the
body.
 Some of the energy
released by cellular
respiration or the oxidation
of glucose is lost as
heat/thermal energy and
Adenosine triphosphate - the
energy currency of the cell. It
gives energy to move, grow,
and do things. It provides
energy to drive endergonic
reactions. It does this at the
energy is released, energy is stored by converting

ADP + P  ATPADP + P + ENER

ATP
NDERGONIC EXERGONIC
 WHY DO CELLS USE ATP INSTEAD
OF GLUCOSE TO DRIVE
ENDERGONIC REACTIONS?
ATP is an Immediate Energy Source.
The body cannot directly get its
energy from glucose. Glucose is not
a direct energy source. Instead, the
body uses the energy released from
STRUCTURE OF ATP
STRUCTUR
ES OF A
WHAT IS A MITOCHONDRIA?
• KNOWN AS THE
“POWERHOUSE OF THE
CELL”
• CELL’S DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 THE
MITOCHOND
RION IS A
DOUBLE –
MEMBRANE
D, ROD-
 ITS SIZES
RANGE
FROM 0.5 TO
1.0
MICROMETR
 THE
STRUCTURE
COMPRISES
AN OUTER
MEMBRANE,
AN INNER
OUTER MEMBRANE – A DOUBLE
PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE
THAT SEPARATES THE INSIDE
 PORINS –
• ONE OF THE PROTEINS
THAT YOU HAVE IN THE
OUTER MEMBRANE OF
THE MITOCHONDRIA.
• TUNNEL PROTEINS,
 Inner membrane
• Has fold to
increase the
surface area
Names of the folds:
• Crista – just one
• Cristae – more
 Inner
membrane
space
Between the
inner
 Matrix -
• Has a much higher
protein concentration
• More viscous than
the cell’s cytoplasm
as it contains less
water
• Where the citric acid
cycle or also known
4 STAGES
OF
 1. Glycolysis –
“gLyco” -
“lysis” – to split apart
• Takes glucose and splits it
into 2 molecules of pyruvate.
• Occurs in the cytoplasm.
 2. Pyruvate oxidation –
• Pyruvate is oxidized into
acetyl coenzyme a.
• Occurs in the
mitochondria.
 3. Krebs cycle–
• acetyl coenzyme a is
oxidized into carbon
dioxide.
• Electrons released from
this reaction is used to
 4. Electron transport chain–
• molecules nadh & fadh2 will
give up those electrons and
those electrons will pass
through etc and then atp will
be produced.
glycol
Pyruvate contains :
• Methyl group
• Carbonyl group
• Carboxylate group
 2 types of
phosphorylation :
• Substrate – level
phosphorylation
Oxidation reaction
& reduction
reaction
 Glycolysis occurs
in 10 steps:
2nd half –payoff
1st half – investment 6 - 10 stages
1 – 5 stages Produces energy
Consumes energy
yruvate oxidatio
Pyruvate Oxidation
- is the process of converting Pyruvate into
Acetyl-CoA
- also known as link reaction ( the
conversion of Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA)
Matrix
- The Inside of the mitochondria.
Pyruvate
- is produced by glycolysis in the
cytoplasm, but pyruvate oxidation takes
place in the mitochondrial matrix ( in
eukaryotes )
NAD - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NADH - Nicotinamide Adenine
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
chain