STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY

TEACHER:
 Opening Prayer
Our Heavenly Father,
We thank you for the hundredfold blessings. May
we in return to you your good works by
multiplying it with love and respect, adding more
faith, subtracting the unworldly behavior and evil
works and dividing your given talents to others so
we can sum it all and be united as one in your
family.
In Jesus Name AMEN
Netiquette
Wear Proper Uniform
Be Punctual
Be Respectful at all
times
Be Attentive
Stay mute, if you have
any questions just click
the “raise-hand” button
 Learning Objectives:
 Illustrates a normal random variable
and its characteristics.
 Construct a normal curve
 Identifies regions under the normal
curve corresponding to different
standard normal values.
 Computes probabilities and percentiles using
the standard normal table.
Chapter 2: Normal Distribution
 

LESSON 2.1:
Properties of Normal
Distribution
 A standard normal curve is a normal probability
distribution that has a mean = 0 and a standard
deviation = 1.
 The normal probability distribution has the
following properties:
 The distribution is bell-shaped.
 The curve is symmetric about a vertical axis
through the mean μ.
 The mean, median, and the mode coincide at
the center.
 The width of the curve is determined by the
standard deviation of the distribution.
 The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely
along the horizontal axis, always approaching
the axis but NEVER touching it. That is, the
curve is asymptotic to the base line.

 The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it

represents the probability or the proportion or
the percentage associated with specific sets of
measurement values.
  The normal distribution, also known as the
Gaussian distribution, has the following
formula.

Where:
Y = height of the curve particular values of X
X = any score in the distribution
= standard deviation of the population
= mean of the population
= 3.1416
= 2.7183
Chapter 2: Normal Distribution
 

LESSON 2.2: Areas

Under Normal
Curve Standard
Scores
 By substituting the mean, and the standard
deviation, in the formula mathematicians are
able to find areas under the normal curve.

 The area -3 and +3 is almost 100% (not yet

100%) because the curve almost touches the
horizontal line. Thus, there is a small fraction
of the area at the tails of the distribution.
 The Table of Areas under the Normal Curve is
also known as the z-Table.

 The z-score is a measure of relative standing. It

is calculated by subtracting (mean) from the
measurement X and then dividing the result by
s or (standard deviation)

 The final result, the z-score, represents the

distance between a given measurement X and
the mean, expressed in standard deviations.
Table of Areas under the Normal Curve
 FOUR-STEP PROCESS IN FINDING THE AREAS
UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE GIVEN A Z-VALUE
 
Step 1: Express the given z-value into a three-digit form.
Step 2: Using the z-Table, find the first two digits on the
left column.
Step 3: Match the third digit with the appropriate
column on the right.
Step 4: Read the area (or probability) at the intersection
of the row and the column.
Example #1:
 
Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.41
 
Step 1: 1.41
Step 2: In the table, find the Row z = 1.4
Step 3: In the table, find the Column with the heading .01
Step 4: Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of
row 1.4 and column .01
The area that
corresponds to z = 1.41
is 0.4207
Example #2:
Find the area that corresponds to z = -2.58
In the z-Table, the area that corresponds to z = 2.58 is the
same as the area that corresponds to
z = - 2.58. In the graph of this region, it is located on the
left of the mean.
 
 
Step 1: 2.58
Step 2: In the table, find the Row z = 2.5
Step 3: In the table, find the Column with the heading .08
Step 4: Read the area (or probability) at the intersection
of row 1.4 and column .0. The area is 0.4951.
Try this!
Find the area of the following z-scores.

1. -0.73
2. 1.55
3. 0.35
 Converting a Normal Random Variable to a
Standard Normal Variable and Vice Versa

 The standard score or z-score measures how many

standard deviation a given value (x) is above the mean
or below the mean.
 This is useful in comparing observed values
 A + z scores indicates that the score or observed value
is above the mean.
 A – z scores indicates that the score or observed value
is below the mean.
 

Formulas:
A. For Sample B. For Population
 

Where,
z = standard score
x = raw score or observed value
x̅ = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
Where,
z = standard score
x = raw score or observed value
= population mean
= population standard deviation
Example #1:
On a final examination in Biology, the mean was 75 and the
standard deviation was 12. Determine the standard score of
a student who received a score of 60 assuming that the scores
are normally distributed.
Solution:
Given:
x = 60
x̅ = 75
s = 12

z=
z= -1.25 0

z=
This means that 60 is 1.25, standard
z = - 1.25 deviation below the means.
Example #2:
In a Science test, the mean score is 42 and the standard
deviation is 5. Assuming the scores are normally distributed,
what percent of the score is
a. greater than 48?
b. Less than 50?
c. Between 30 and 48?
Solution:
A. Greater than 48
Step 1: Convert the score 48 to z
score
z=
z=
z =or 1.2
Step 2: Sketch the Normal Curve
A2 = 0.5

A1 A

Shaded part

0 1.2
42 48
Let A = area greater than 48/ area to the right of z = 1.2
A1 = area between z = 0 and z=1.2
A2 = area of the half of the curve
From the table:
A1 = 0.3849 (use the z table to find this)
A = A2 – A1
A = 0.5 – 0.3849
A = 0.1151
Hence, 11.51% of the scores is greater than 48.

Try to find letter B and C

 Locating Percentiles Under the
Normal Curve
 Percentile (or a centile) is a point the distribution such
that a given number or cases is below it.
 A percentile is a measure of relative standing.
 It is a descriptive measure of the relationship of a
measurement to the rest of the data.
Example:
90th percentile – P90
95th percentile – P95
 Locate the point under the normal curve.

Example #1: Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve

Step 1: Draw the appropriate normal curve.

95%

Shaded parts
Step 2: Express the given percentage as probability.
 
95% 0.9500 (percentage to decimal)
 
Step 3: Split 0.9500 into 0.5000 and .4500
0.9500 = 0.5000 + 0.4500
 
Step 4: Shade 0.5000 of the sketch of the normal curve in
Step 1
Step 5: Refer to the Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve.
Locate the are 0.4500 in the body of the table.
- This area is not found in the table. It is between the values of
0.4495 and 0.4505.
Step 6: Find the z-scores that corresponds to 0.4500 on the left
most column.
0.4505 ---- z = 1.65 (use the table)
0.4505 ---- z = 1.64 (use the table)
Step 7: Find the average of the two values.
z=
z = 1.645
Hence, the 95th percentile is z = 1.645
Reference/s:
 
Baccay, Elisa S., & Belecina, Rene R., (2019).My Skill
Builder: Statistics and Probability. Sampaloc, Manila:
Rex Book Store, Inc.

Mercado, Jesus P. & Orines, Fernando B., (2016).

Next Century Mathematics Statistics and Probability.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.