Foundation for the design of mechatronic

systems
Mechatronic:
integration of existing discipline
Mechanical; electrical, electronic and
software engineering
Industry 4.0
- name for the current trend
of automation and data exchange in
manufacturing technologies
-Smart factory
Communication, cooperation with each
other and with humans in real time

Industry 4.0
 Why Electrical Eng?
1.As a mechanical engineer you will
combine mathematics, science, technology and problem solving skills to
design, construct and maintain products that utilize component of
electricals.
2. Knowledge of Electrical Engineering is an exposure to work within
challenging and exciting fields such as
Automation
Manufacturing process
Oil and gas industry
etc
3. Knowledge in Electrical Engineering is a credit for ability to survive
Simple lighting system
1. How its being connected?

2. What rules and laws to follow?

3. How to check whether the device and the

circuit are functioning/malfunctioned?
Basic elements in EC
1. Electric generator
- Transforming chemical, thermal, mechanical energies, etc
into electrical energy
- Giving rise to its terminal to a potential energy or electric
voltage
- Supplying electric along the circuit
- Provide energy for the electrical system
2. Electric load
- To absorb electrical energy supplied by the source
- Transform electric energy produced by a generator into
another type of energy
3. Electric lead
- Connect generator to the load to allow the electric load
supply
4. The control apparatus
- To control energy to flow or else interrupts the flow
(switches, solenoids or relays)
Conductor vs Non-Conductor

Common conductor: metal

Allows flow of electrical current
Flowing
Charge particle force its neighbour a finite amount, etc
Long chain of momentum transfer between mobile charge
carriers
Metal: seas of electron
Enough mobility to collide and effect a momentum transfer
Electrical current generated by the flow of
negatively charged electrons; positively charged holes
Can also be carried by ions in a electrolyte, or
By both ions and electrons as in an ionised gas (plasma)
 Electrons and magnetization
1. Rotations of charge causes angular momentum via
Spin
Orbital motion
2. From classical electrodynamics, a rotating electrically charged
body creates a magnetic dipole with magnetic poles of equal
magnitude but opposite polarity.
3. An unpaired electron has a magnetic dipole
4. Paired electron has no dipole moment
the two electrons have opposite spins so their magnetic dipole fields are in opposite
directions and cancel.
 Electron versus Current
Electric charge:
Excess of –ve: Said to be charged with –ve
Excess of +ve: Said to be charged with +ve
When the circuit is connected/ completed, and there’s a potential difference:
+ve terminal
Very few –ve electric charge (electron)
-ve terminal
An accumulation of electrons.
Driving influence to cause the continuous flow
Source causes the current to flow
Flows from high energy level (+ve) to lower energy level (-ve)
Current will flow between these two terminals
The flow of current is actually the movement of electrons from one atom to
another under the influence of an electric field
 Charge and Current

• Electric charge is a property of matter. Measured in

coulombs (C)
• The charge on an electron is negative and equal in
magnitude to 1.602 x 10-19
• 1C of charge requires 6.24 x 1018 electrons
• Law of conservation of charge – charge can be moved,
but it cannot be created or destroyed.
• Electric charge is bipolar this is electrical effects are
described in terms of positive and negative charges.
• Electric charge exists in discrete quantities.
• +-
Electric Current
• Reference directions can be indicated by labeling
the ends of circuit elements and using double
subscripts on current variables.
• The reference direction for iab points from a to b. On
the other hand, the reference direction for iba points
from b to a.
 Voltage
• To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction
requires some work or energy transfer.

• Performed by an external electromotive force (emf), which

known as voltage

• The voltage across a circuit element is the energy

absorbed or expended as a unit charge moves through the
element

• Sometimes called potential difference – is a measure of the

potential between two points.

• The voltage between two point a and b in electric circuit is

the energy (work) needed to move 1C of charge from a to b
negative
 Circuit Elements

 An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the

elements .

 There are two types of elements:

o Passive elements – not capable of generating
energy (eg. resistors, capacitors, inductors.)
o Active elements – capable of generating energy (eg.
generators, batteries, operational amplifiers)

 The most important active elements are voltage or

current sources
 Circuit Elements

 Two kinds of sources: independent and dependent

sources

o An ideal independent sources is an active element

that provides a specified voltage or current that is
completely independent of other circuit elements

o An ideal dependent (controlled) sources is an active

element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
 Symbol  Utensil Power used Usage per Operation
day cost
(RM/day)
  refrigerator 1200 W 24 hr 8.20
 
  television 150 W 5 hr 4.27
  
  Air-conditioner 750 W 7 hr 21.35
 
  Iron 1000 W 5 hr 28.47

  Rice cooker 730 W 0.75 hr 20.78

  kettle 850 W 0.5 hr 24.20

  Washing 850 W 0.5 hr 24.20

machine
END