GROUP-4

EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL
RECORDS
INTRODUCTION

BY B.ROHITH RAJ
WHAT IS A FOSSIL?
WHAT IS A FOSSIL?

 A fossil is any preserved remains, impressed , or trace of any

once-living thing from a past geological age
 Examples includes bones ,shells ,exoskeletons , stone imprints
of animals, hair, microbes objects, oil coat or DNA remanants
What is study of fossils ?

 Study of fossil is called as PALEONTOLOGY

 And the scientist are called PALENTOLOGIST
Dinosaur’s Fossil at Birla Planitorium, Hyderabad,India

Dinosaur’s Fossil at Birla Planitorium, Hyderabad,India

Dinosaur’s Fossil at Birla Planitorium, Hyderabad,India
CROCODILE FOSSILE IN CROCODILE PARK,DAVAO
.
FOSSILS records

. .
SOME GEOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS
ROCK FORMATION

 Rocks are originated from magma material extended from the

earth
 This type of rock is known as IGNEOUS ROCK
 Rocks are also formed from deposition and solidification of
sediments
 This type of rock formation is known as SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
SOME GEOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS
PLATE TECTONICS
 SOME GEOLOGICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
PLATE TECTONICS
ALFRED WEGENER, German
researcher
He proposed idea of continential
drift in 1915 which sates that
continents haved moved over
geological time relative to each
other thus appearing to have
‘drifted’ across ocean bed.this
theory evolutionalised
GEOLOGY
 PLATE TECTONICS

 In the lithosphere there are eight major and number of minor

PLATES over the denser
 The plates move at velocity rate of 5-10cms per year
 When the two plates collide with each other there form a
Mountain which when connected to asthenosphere, valcones
may be born
 The great Lake of Eastern Africa lie in such a rift valley
 The Hawaiian Islands are a chain of valcones that have been
fromed by the Pacific plate
 Thank you..!!

.
SOME GEOLOGICAL
FUNDAMENTALS
BY CHELLADURAI MONIKA
SUBTITLE
• GEOLOGICAL TIME
• GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
 ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE

 Big Bang theory -14 billion years ago • Origin of Earth – 4.6 billion years ago

• Origin of oldest rock – 3.8 billion years

ago • Origin of life -3.5 billion years ago
RADIOMETRIC DATING

 Determines the absolute age of radioactive

elements in igneous rock

• The ratio of parent atoms to daughter atoms gives the estimate

of sample’s age

URANIUM -235 LEAD -207

• Applicable only on igneous rocks only

HALF LIFE -0.7 BILLION YEARS

• In each half life half of the parent atoms
decay into daughter atoms

• The fraction of parent atoms

remaining in the sample reveals how
many half life has elapsed
SEDIMENTATION

• Layers of sedimention is strata

• The Older the geological age the

less well itbis represented in the
fossil record
GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

ERA

Archean

Proterozoic

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic
THANK YOU😊
FOSSIL RECORD
-BY RAM GOPAL VARMA
 The fossil record refers to the placement of
fossil throughout the surface layers of the earth.

Older fossil are buried more deeply than

younger ones.

SCIENTISTS USE THE PLACEMENT OF FOSSILS AS

A GUIDE FOR DETERMINING WHEN LIFE FORMS
EXISTED, AND HOW THEY EVOLVED
COLLECTION OF FOSSIL
TYPES OF FOSSILIZATION

1.Insect preserved in amber

2.Petrified wood (permineralization)
3.cast and mold
 Amber fossil

Amber is the fossilized resin from ancient forest.

 Amber is not ONLY produced from tree sap , but
ALSO rather from plant resin.
 It is found throughout the world , but it occurs at
shores of the Baltic sea in sands 40,000,000 to
60,000,000 years old.
 permineralization

 A type of fossilization, involves deposits of

minerals with in the organisms.
 Crystal begin to form in the porous cell walls.
 Cast &mold

 Shells ,bones , wood, tracks and

burrows often form as molds or cast.
THE ORIGIN OF AMPHIBIANS
AND BIRDS

BY
C . VISHWAKANTH
 origin OF AMPHIBIANS

 Thelobed-finned fishes, appeared in the early in Devonian, about

408 million years ago.
 Example:- Eusthenopteron
 The first definitive amphibians
from the very late Devonian of
Greenland, are the ichthyostega.
EXAMPLES OF AMPHIBIANS
 RHIPIDISTIANS

 These are extinct groups.

 These had a tail fin as well as
paired fin that were fleshy, with
a skeleton of several large bone.
 These have both gills and lungs.
 ICHTHYOSTEGIDS
The main difference is that they
had larger pectoral and pelvic
gridle and fully developed
tetrapod limbs.
The proximal limb bones are
directly homologous, and similar
in shape to those of rhipidistians
but they had definitive digits.
 The Origin Of Birds
 Wemust agree that Birds are
Dianosaures
 Birdswere defined by there
feathers.
 Because of many fossils, the
distinction between birds and
dinosaurs has become arbitrary.
EXAMPLES OF AVES
 ARCHAEOPTERYX
 Archaeopteryx has only a few many
modification of the skeleton of
modern birds that accommodate the
flying habit.
 Itclosely resemble a small theropod
dinosaur that enabled it to fly.
 The distinctive synapomorphy are of
archaeopteryx and other Aves is one
longer feathers, but merely their
opposable hind to.
 AVES
Some of the features of modern
birds, such as hollow limb bones,
evolved in theropods long before
Archaeopteryx, and other
characters, such as fusion of tail
vertebrae.
However, these features in modern
form later became useful in flight.
THE ORIGIN
OF
MAMMALS
BY
DHARM
A TEJA
 MAMMALS
KINGDOM-ANIMALIA
PHYLUM-CHORADATA
CLASS-MAMMALIA
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES:
 ENDOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES
 HAIR AND FUR ON THE BODY
 HAVE MAMMARY GLANDS
 FOUR CHAMBERED HEARTS
 POSSES SINGLE JAW BONE
 HETERODONT DENTATION
  ORIGIN OF MAMMALS FROM THE EARLIEST
AMNIOTES IS DOCUMENTED EXAMPLE OF
 MAMMALS HAVEEVOLUTION.
DIAGONOSTIC SKELETAL
FEATURES.
LOWER JAW BONES:
REPTILES-
SEVERAL
MAMMALS-
PRIMARY JAW ARTICULATION:
SINGLE
MAMMALS-BETWEEN DENTARY AND SQUAMOSAL
BONES
TETRAPODS-ARTICULAR AND QUADRATE BONES
MIDDLE EAR BONES:
AMNIOTES-SINGLE(STIRRUP)
MAMMALS-THREE(HAMMER,ANVIL,STIRRUP)
TEETH DIFFERENTIATION:
INCISORS
CANINES
PREMOLARS
MOLARS
MAMMALS:
SYNAPSID(HAPTODUS)
THERAPSID(BIARMOSUC
HUS)
EARLY CYNODONT(PROCYNOSUCHUS)
CYNODONT(THRINAXODON)
ADAVNCED CYNODONT(PROBAINOGNATHUS)
MORGANUCDON
ORIGIN OF CETACEA

BUDAMARSU KURVA
AKSHAY
ROLL NO- 17
BS BIO-10
SEC-B
 CETACEA

 KINGDOM - ANIMALIA
 PHYLUM – CHORDATA
 CLASS – MAMMALIA
 ORDER – ARTIODACTYLA
 INFRAORDER - CETACEA
THE ORIGIN OF CETACEA

 The ancient and extinct ancestors of modern whales lived 53 to 45 million years ago.
 They diverged from even-toed ungulates and their closest relatives are hippopotamuses
and other such as cows and pigs.
 Around 30 species adapted to a fully oceanic life.
 The smallest cetacean is MAUIS DOLPHIN which is 1m long i.e ( 3ft , 3 inch) and
weighs about 50kg
 The largest is the blue whale which is 29.9m i.e (98ft) and weighs about 173
tons i.e (381000 lb’s)
 Compared with basal mammals ,living cetaceans are very greatly
modified owing to their adaptations for aquatic life .
 All share a uniquely shaped tympanic bone that encloses the ear ,
nasal opening, far back on top of the skull, stiff elbow,wrist and
finger joints all enclosed in a paddlelike flipper, a rudimentary
pelvis that is disconnected from vertebral column and lack of fused
differential sacral vertebrae that land mammals have.
 Toothed whales have a large cavity in the lower jaw that contains a
sound transmitting pad of fat.
 Philip gingerich, J.G.M. Thewissen , and their colleagues have recently
discovered many Eocene fossils ,mostly in Pakistan, that have shed light on the
evolutionary history of cetaceans from about 50 to 35 million years ago.
 The oldest of these pakicetus which is 53-48 million years ago was a terrestrial
animal with the distinctive cetacean tympanic bone.
 The slightly younger Ambulocetus ( 48-47 million years ago) was adapted for
life in shallow coastal waters.
 It had a short hind legs but large feet, with saperate digits that bore small hooves.
 The mandibular foramen was largen than pakicetids,starting a stade increase in
size.
 Basilosaurids of about 35 million years ago,
in which the theeth were even simpler, the
nostrils were farther back, and the front limbs
were flipper like,with an almost inflexible
wrist and elbow.
 The pelvis and hindlimbs were completely
nonfunctional.
 The Dorudontines probably had a horizontal
tail fin and were indeed a small step away
from modern cetaceans
THANK YOU
THE HOMONIN FOSSIL RECORD

BY BHARGAV REDDY
 THE NAMED SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS AT PAST 5 TO
* 6 MILLIONS YEARS THEY ARE FLAT FACE AND SMALL
BRAIN AND CANINE TEETH LATER THEY CALLED AS
HOMININS.

* THEY ARE ALMOST CERTAINLY BIPEDAL(WALKED WITH

TWO LEGS).

*
SOME WHAT LATER HOMONINS INCLUDE SEVERAL RECENTLY
DESCRIBED FROMS SUCH AS:
ORRORIN TUGENSIS (CA.6MYA)
ARDIPITHECUS KADABBA(5.2-5.8 MYA)
ARDIPITHECUS RAMNIDUS (4.4 MYA)
AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS (4.2-3.9
MYA)
 SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS

* SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS IS AN EXTINCT SPECIES OF

HOMONINAE ABOUT SEVEN MILLION YEARS AGO DURING THE
MIOCENE EPOCH.

* IN 2002 ANNOUNCED THE GENUS SAHELANTHROPUS BY THE

SEEING OF PARTIAL CRANIUM
 ORRORIN TUGENENSIS

* ORRORIN TUGENENSIS IS POSTULATED EARLY SPECIES OF

HOMININAE ,ESTIMATED AT 6.1 TO 5.7 MILLION YEARS AGO.

* IT DISCOVERED IN 2000.IT IS NOT CONFIRMED HOW

ORRORIN IS RELATED TO MODREN HUMANS.
 ARDIPITHECUS KADABBA
ARDIPITHECUS KADABBA IS SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
GIVEN TO FOSSIL REMAINS KNOWN ONLY FROM TEETH
AND BITS AND PIECES OF SKELETAL BONES.

ORIGINALLY ESTIMATED TO BE 5.8 TO 5.2 MILLION YEARS

OLD AND LATER REVISED TO 5.77 TO 5.54 MILLION YEARS.
 ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS
ARDIPITHECUS IS A GENUS OF AN EXTINCT HOMININAE THAT
LIVED DURING THE LATE MIOCENE AND EARLY PIOCENE
EPOCHS IN THE AFAR DEPRESSION.
DISCOVERED IN 1990s,THIS IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST OF OUR
HOMININ ANCESTORS YET DISCOVERED.
 AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS

AUSTRALPITHECUS ANAMENSIS IS HOMONIN SPECIES THAT

LIVED APPROXIMATELY BETWEEN 4.2 AND 3.8 MILLION YEARS
AGO AND IS OLDEST KNOWN AUSTRALOPITHECUS SPECIES.

NEARLY ONE HUNDRED FOSSIL SPECIMENS ARE KNOWN

FROM KENYA AND ETHIOPIA,REPRESENTING OVER
INDIVIDUALS.
BY BHARGAVREDDY HARI
PHYLOGENY AND FOSSIL
RECORDS
NAME- ADITYA CHATTERJEE
GROUP-4
PHYLOGENY

 Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a

taxonomic group of organisms
 A closelyrelated branch of science that makes use of
phylogenetic tree diagrams to study evolutionary
history and relatedness among various group of
organisms is termed as Phylogenetics
 In inferring phylogenetic relationship in living taxa we
conclude that certain taxa share more recent common ancestors
than others.
 If such statements are correct than there should be some
correspondence between the relative times of origin of taxa as
inferred from phylogenetic analysis.
 Moreover although, a lineage may have branched off early, it
may not have acquired its diagnostic characters until much
later.
 For example the synapsid clade did not acquire the diagnostic
characters of mammals until long after it had diverged from
other reptiles.
 From phylogenetic analysis of living speices, we infer that the
common ancestors of the common ancestors of the different orders of
mammals and reptiles of these groups and amphibians of all tetrapods
are sequentially older.
A striking instance of correspondence is offered by the bristletails
(order Archaeognatha).
 These are wingless insects that have been thought to have a basic
body plan of ancestral insects.
 Recently a fossil of a bristletail have been discovered in the Devonian
deposits.
EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS

An evolutionary trend can be

defined as a persistent,
directional change in a character
state or a set of characters
resulting in a significant change
through time.
REVERSAL IN EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS

 Some lineages buck the overall trend and undergo

reversal.
 Eg1 in some equid lineages, there’s a reversal in
body size.
 Eg2 mammals had a single lower jaw bone and never
reversed to multiple jaw bones of their ancestors.
But some charecters have
not been reversed just
because they are
advantageous.
For eg: Flightless birds
such as penguins and
ostriches have feathers .
Another example is the
notochord in the
vertebrates that
degenerates after birth
but is retained in the
embryo.
Rupert Reidl(1978) suggested that such
characters carries a “Burden”, meaning a
suite of other features that depend on it
for their development or proper function.
DOLLO’S LAW
Louis Dollo stated that
complex characters once
lost is never regained.
Punctuated Equilibria
BY SATHISH KUMAR BULLA
 Punctuated Equilibria

 Manyof the paleontological examples gradually comes

through many intermediate states.
 These kinds of transitions are by no means universally
found in fossil record.
 Many closely related species are differed by a small gaps in
the fossil records.
 Many of the paleontologists followed by Darwin in ascribing
the gaps to the great incompleteness of the fossil record.
 Punctuated equilibria explains both the pattern of change
in the fossil records and a hypothesis about evolutionary
process.
 The fossil record explains the both gradual and punctuated
patterns.
 Example: Metrabdotos , a Miocene genus of ectoprocts
clearly shows the pattern of punctuated equilibria.
 Phyletic Gradualism:
 Change in molar of the grass feeding vole Mimomys .
 Grass wears down the molar surface and it is useful to
have a high tooth with enamel(pink) and cement(brown)
forms the grinding ridges on the tooth surface.
 Species exist with a small change for several mya.
 New species formed abruptly without evident
intermediate.
Difference b/w Punct.eqbm&Punct.gradualism
THANK YOU!
RATES OF EVOLUTION

BY
TULASITHARINI
 INTRODUCTION

 THE RATE OF EVOLUTION IS A VARIABLE OF

CONSIDERABLE INTEREST.
 THE RATE OF EVOLUTION IS A MEASUREMENT OF
THE CHANGE IN AN EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE OVER
TIME.
WORK DONE BY MACFADDEN ON
HORSE TEETH IS AN EXAMPLE .
CALCULATION USING LOGARITHM SCALE
 RATES OF EVOLUTION ARE GENERALLY CALCULATED IN
TERMS OF PROPORTIONAL CHANGE , USING LOGARITHM
SCALE.
SUPPOSE THE CHARACTER HAS BEEN
MEASURED TWO TIMES ,T1 AND T2 ; T1 AND
T2 ARE EXPRESSED AS TIMES BEFORE THE
PRESENT IN MILLIONS OF YEARS.THE TIME
INTERVAL BETWEEN THE TWO SAMPLES
CAN BE WRITTEN AS , Dt = t1 - t2,
THE EVOLUTIONARY RATE (r) IS THEN r =
(ln(x2) - ln(x1)) / Dt
 J.B.S HALDANE PROPOSED DARWIN TO MEASURE
EVOLUTIONARY RATE .
 DARWIN IS THE UNIT WITH WHICH THE RATE OF
EVOLUTION IS MEASURED.
 DARWIN HAS SOME DRAWBACKS.
 RESEARCHERS NOW TEND TO MEASURE
EVOLUTIONARY RATE AS NUMBER OF STANDARD
DEVIATIONS BY WHICH CHARACTER MEAN
CHANGES PER GENERATION: A UNIT THAT
PALEONTOLOGIST PHILIP GINGERICH(1993)
DUBBED HALDANE.
 WHEN RATES OF CHARACTER EVOLUTION , THE
MOST STRIKING RESULT WAS THE AVERAGE RATES
OF EVOLUTION ARE USUALLY EXTREMELY LOW.
SO , IN ORDER TO COMPARE RATES IT IS NECESSARY
TO PLOT AGAINST TIME INTERVAL.
 NORTH AMERICAN HOUSE SPARROWS INTRODUCED
TO EUROPE MANIFESTED CHANGES IN WING AND
BILL LENGTH OF UPTO 0.024 HALDANES.
 THEBEAK LENGTH OF SOAPBERRY BUGS
INCREASED AT THE RATE OF 0.010 TO 0.035
HALDANES .
 EVOLUTIONARY RATES CAN BE VERY RAPID
BUT THEY ARE NOT SUSTAINED AT HIGH RATES
FOR VERY LONG.
SALAMAT…!