Observed Data

and
Graphical
Representation
 What is
Observed Data?
Observed Data Records and
facts that are objectively
viewable, are often used in
evidence-based and/or
observational research.
 Observed data
Observed data is a valuable form of
research that can give researchers
information that goes beyond numbers and
statistics. In general, observation is a
systematic way to collect data by observing
people in natural situations or settings.
There are many different types of
An observed Data in statistics is a value of something of
interest you’re measuring or counting during a study or
experiment: a person’s height, a bank account value at a
certain point in time, or the number of animals.
“Observation unit” means the same thing in this context.

For example, let’s say you are measuring how well your
savings perform over the period of one year. You record one
measurement (your bank account balance) every three
months for a total of four observations:
 Observations
Observations can be overt (everyone knows they
are being observed) or covert (no one knows they
are being observed and the observer
is concealed)
Observations can also be either direct or indirect.
Direct observation is when you watch interactions,
processes, or behaviors as they occur; for example,
observing a teacher teaching a lesson from a written
 Observations
Indirect observations are when you
watch the results of interactions,
processes, or behaviors; for
example, measuring the amount of
plate waste left by students in a
school cafeteria to determine
 Graphical
Representation
 
is a Graphical Representation
way of analyzing numerical data.
It exhibits the relation between data,
ideas, information, and concepts in a
diagram. It is easy to understand and
it is one of the most important
learning strategies. It always depends
on the type of information in a
particular domain.
There are different types of graphical representation. Some of
them
• are
LineasGraphs
follows:– A line graph or linear graph is used to
display continuous data and it is useful for predicting
future events over time.
• Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category
of data and compares the data using solid bars to
represent the quantities.
• Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the
frequency of numerical data that are organized into
intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and
continuous, all the bars have the same width.
• Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given
There are different types of graphical representation. Some of
them are as follows:
• Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces
of data that falls within the given interval.
• Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the
relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is
considered with 100% and the categories occupied are
represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%,
etc.
• Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are
organized from the least value to the greatest value. The
digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next
place value digit forms the stems.
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
TYPES OF GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
● SuitableRules
General for sure
Title: Make Graphical Representation
that the appropriate title is givenof
to Data
the graph which indicates the subject of the presentation.
● Measurement Unit: Mention the measurement unit in the
graph.
● Proper Scale: To represent the data in an accurate manner,
choose a proper scale.
● Index: Index the appropriate colors, shades, lines, and designs
in the graphs for better understanding.
● Data Sources: Include the source of information wherever it is
necessary at the bottom of the graph.
● Keep it Simple: Construct a graph in an easy way that everyone
can understand.
● Neat: Choose the correct size, fonts, colors, etc in such a way
that the graph should be a visual aid for the presentation of
Graphical Representation in Math
In Mathematics, a graph is defined as a chart with
statistical data, which are represented in the
form of curves or lines drawn across the
coordinate point plotted on its surface. It helps
to study the relationship between two variables
where it helps to measure the change in the
variable amount with respect to another
variable within a given interval of time. It helps
to study the series distribution and frequency
distribution for a given problem. There are two
types of graphs to visually depict the
information. They are:

Time Series Graphs – Example: Line Graph

Frequency Distribution Graphs – Example:
Principles of Graphical Representation
Algebraic principles are applied to all
types of graphical representations of data.
In graphs, it is represented using two lines
called coordinate axes. The horizontal axis
is denoted as the x-axis and the vertical
axis is denoted as the y-axis. The point at
which two lines intersect is called an
origin ‘O’. Consider the x-axis, the
distance from the origin to the right side
will take a positive value and the distance
from the origin to the left side will take a
Principles of Graphical Representation
Generally, the frequency
distribution is represented in four
methods, namely
• Histogram
• Smoothed frequency graph
• Pie diagram
• Cumulative or ogive frequency
graph
• Frequency Polygon
Desktop software
You can replace the image on the screen with
your own work. Just right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
 Merits of Using Graphs Some of the
The
meritsgraph is easily
of using understood
graphs are as by
everyone
follows: without any prior
knowledge. It saves time
It allows us to relate and compare the
data for different time periods It is
used in statistics to determine the
mean, median, and mode for different
data, as well as in the interpolation
Example for Frequency polygon Graph
Here are the steps to follow to find the frequency
distribution of a frequency polygon and it is represented in
a graphical way.
• Obtain the frequency distribution and find the midpoints
of each class interval.
• Represent the midpoints along the x-axis and
frequencies along the y-axis.
• Plot the points corresponding to the frequency at each
midpoint.
• Join these points, using lines in order.
• To complete the polygon, join the point at each end
Question :
Draw the frequency polygon for the following data

Solution :
Mark the class interval along the x-axis and frequencies along the y-axis.
Let’s assume that class intervals 0-10 with frequency zero and 90-100
with frequency zero.
Now calculate the midpoint of the class interval.
Using the midpoint and the frequency value from the above table, plot the points A (5, 0), B
(15, 4), C (25, 6), D (35, 8), E (45, 10), F (55, 12), G (65, 14), H (75, 7), I (85, 5) and J (95, 0).
To obtain the frequency polygon ABCDEFGHIJ, draw the line segments AB, BC, CD,
DE, EF, FG, GH, HI, IJ, and connect all the points.

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There are different types of graphical representation. Some of
them
• are
LineasGraphs
follows:– A line graph or linear graph is used to
display continuous data and it is useful for predicting
future events over time.
• Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category
of data and compares the data using solid bars to
represent the quantities.
• Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the
frequency of numerical data that are organized into
intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and
continuous, all the bars have the same width.
• Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given
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Histogram
A histogram can be defined as a set of
rectangles with bases along with the
intervals between class boundaries. Each
rectangle bar depicts some sort of data
and all the rectangles are adjacent. The
heights of rectangles are proportional to
corresponding frequencies of similar as
well as for different classes. Let's learn
about histograms more in detail.
 What is Histogram?
A histogram is the graphical representation of
data where data is grouped into continuous
number ranges and each range corresponds to
a vertical bar.
• The horizontal axis displays the number
range.
• The vertical axis (frequency) represents the
amount of data that is present in each range.
 Histogram Graph
A histogram graph is a bar graph
representation of data. It is a representation of
a range of outcomes into column formation
along the x-axis. in the same histogram, the
number count or multiple occurrences in the
data for each column is represented by the y-
axis. It is the easiest manner that can be used
to visualize data distributions.
Let us understand the histogram graph by
plotting one for the given below example.
Uncle Bruno owns a garden with 30 black cherry
trees. Each tree is of a different height. The
height of the trees (in inches): 61, 63, 64, 66, 68,
69, 71, 71.5, 72, 72.5, 73, 73.5, 74, 74.5, 76, 76.2,
76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.2, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
85, 87. We can group the data as follows in a
frequency distribution table by setting a range:
This data can be now shown using a histogram. We
need to make sure that while plotting a histogram,
there shouldn’t be any gaps between the bars.
Histogram Shapes
The histogram can be classified into different types
based on the frequency distribution of the data. There
are different types of distributions, such as
• normal distribution,
• skewed distribution,
• bimodal distribution,
• multimodal distribution,
• comb distribution,
• edge peak distribution,
• dog food distribution, heart cut distribution, and so
Histogram Shapes
The histogram can be used to represent these
different types of distributions. We have mainly
5 types of histogram shapes. They are listed
below:
• Bell Shaped Histogram
• Bimodal Histogram
• Skewed Right Histogram
• Skewed Left Histogram
• Uniform Histogram
types of histogram or histogram
shapes in detail with the help of
practical illustrations.
Bell-Shaped Histogram - A bell-
shaped histogram has a single peak.
The histogram has just one peak at
this time interval and hence it is a
bell-shaped histogram.
For example, the following
histogram shows the number of
children visiting a park at different
time intervals. This histogram has
only one peak. The maximum
number of children who visit the
Bimodal Histogram
A bimodal histogram has two
peaks and it looks like the graph
given. For example, the following
histogram shows the marks
obtained by the 48 students of
Class 8 of St.Mary’s School. The
maximum number of students
have scored either between 40 to
50 marks OR between 60 to 70
marks. This histogram has two
peaks (between 40 to 50 and
between 60 to 70) and hence it is
a bimodal histogram.
Skewed Right Histogram
A skewed right histogram is a
histogram that is skewed to the
right. In this histogram, the bars
of the histogram are skewed to
the right, hence called a skewed
right histogram. For example,
the following histogram shows
the number of people
corresponding to different wage
ranges. The histogram is skewed
to the right. For the maximum
number of people, wages ranged
from 10-20(thousands)
Skewed Left Histogram
A skewed left histogram is a
histogram that is skewed to the
left. In this histogram, the bars of
the histogram are skewed to the
left side, hence, called a skewed
left histogram. For example, the
following histogram shows the
number of students of Class 10 of
Greenwood High School
according to the amount of time
they spent on their studies on a
daily basis. The maximum
number of students study 4.5-
Uniform Histogram
A uniform histogram is a
histogram where all the bars are
more or less of the same height.
In this histogram, the lengths of
all the bars are more or less the
same. Hence, it is a uniform
histogram. For example, Ma’am
Lucy, the Principal of Little Lilly
Playschool, wanted to record the
heights of her students. The
following histogram shows the
number of students and their
varying heights. The height of the
students ranges between 30
The fundamental difference between histograms and
bar graphs from a visual aspect is that bars in a bar
graph are not adjacent to each other.

A bar graph is the graphical representation of

categorical data using rectangular bars where the
length of each bar is proportional to the value they
represent.
A histogram is the graphical representation of data
where data is grouped into continuous number ranges
and each range corresponds to a vertical bar.
The main differences between a bar chart and a
The main differences between a bar chart and a
histogram are as follows:
But in both graphs, Y-axis represents numbers only. We can
understand these differences from the following figure:
Frequency diagrams
A frequency diagram,
often called a line chart or a
frequency polygon, shows
the frequencies for different
groups. The frequency chart
below shows the results of
the table. To plot a
frequency polygon of
grouped data, plot the
frequency at the midpoint of
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