AMERICAN RULE 1898 TO 1946

AMERICANS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Began during the Spanish colonial period. The 

period of American colonialization of the Philippines lasted 48 years, from cession
 of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain in 1898 to U.S. recognition of Philippine
independence in 1946. After independence in 1946, many Americans chose to
remain in the Philippines while maintaining relations with relatives in the US. Most
of them were professionals but missionaries continued to settle the country In
2015, the U.S. State Department estimated that there were more than 220,000 
U.S. citizens living in the Philippines, with a significant mixed population of 
Amerasians and descendants from the colonial era as well.
AMERICANS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 The United States invaded the Philippines, which was then

governed by Spain as the Spanish East Indies, during the 
Spanish–American War. During that war, Philippine
revolutionaries declared independence. Wanting to maintain a
stronghold over the island nation as a stepping stone to Japan
and continental Asia, the United States maintained authority
of the archipelago and the Philippine–American War ensued.
America then held the Philippines until granting full
independence on July 4, 1946.
AMERICAN COLONIALIZATION

 Saw an increase in immigration to the Philippines. Retiring soldiers and other 

military-men were among the first Americans to become long-term Philippine residents
and settlers; these included African-American Soldiers and former volunteer Soldiers
 primarily from the Western states. The Education Act of 1901 authorized the colonial
government to recruit American teachers to help establish the new educational system,
and 80 former soldiers became teachers. They were soon joined by 48 teachers recruited
in America who arrived in June 1901 on the ship  Sheridan, named after Philip Sheridan
 and by 523 others who arrived on August 1, 1901, on the  Thomas. Collectively, these
teachers became known as the Thomasites. Besides English, the Thomasites taught 
agriculture, reading, grammar, geography, mathematics, general courses, trade courses,
housekeeping and household arts (sewing, crocheting and cooking), manual trading,
mechanical drawing, freehand drawing and athletics (baseball, track and field, tennis,
indoor baseball and basketball). Many of these people settled in the Philippines and had
Philippine spouses.
AMERICAN COLONIALIZATION

 By 1913, there were more than 1,400 mestizos with American parentage,

the product of the nearly 8,000 Americans living in the Philippines. 15% of
the children of Americans who settled in the Philippines were
orphans. Prior to World War II, Americans were not prevalent in the
Philippines, most living in enclaves, particularly around Fort Santiago; one
term for those who settled in the Philippines was Manila Americans. By
1939, 8,709 Americans were in the Philippines, primarily in Manila, and of
whom only 4,022 were working age and employed. The 
Japanese invasion of the Philippines brought about an abrupt end to the
distinctions of race, due to the external threat caused by the invasion.
POST INDEPENDENCE

 The 1940s was a period of large-scale American immigration to the

Philippines. However, this abruptly ended after the Philippines gained
independence from the United States in 1946 and Many Americans chose
to permanently settle in the Philippines. The Americans, until the mid-
1990s, had a heavy presence in the cities of Angeles and Olongapo,
northeast of Metro Manila, due to the presence of large US military bases
 there. During the American colonial period (1898–1946), a recorded
number of more than 800,000 Americans were born in the Philippines.
Large concentrations of Filipinos with American ancestry aside from 
Metro Manila are located in the areas of the former US bases such as the 
Subic Bay area in Zambales and Clark Field in Angeles City.
LASTING IMPACTS

 The colonialization period of the Philippines formally ended in

1946, yet scholars continue to debate about the lasting
impacts of American settlement in the Philippines. Critical
internationalists of the early Cold War (often Americans with
USSR sympathies) saw the similarities between US-Philippines
relations and European imperialism. Notions of neocolonialism
 have been attached in describing the United States' relations
with the Philippines, as historians of American foreign
relations have argued that there exists a 'dependent' alliance
between the two countries.