CARBOHYDRATES

PRESENTED BY: CYRIL MONTE & GENE MARCRISA TUMOLAK

CARBOHYDRATES

 A carbohydrate is a naturally occurring compound, or a derivative of such

a compound, with the general chemical formula Cx(H2O)y, made up of
molecules of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates
are the most widespread organic substances and play a vital role in all
life.
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
1. Energy Production
The primary role of carbohydrates is to supply energy to all cells in the
body. Many cells prefer glucose as a source of energy versus other
compounds like fatty acids.
2. Energy Storage
If the body already has enough energy to support its functions, the excess
glucose is stored as glycogen (the majority of which is stored in the muscle
and liver).
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

3. Building Macromolecules
Although most absorbed glucose is used to make energy, some glucose is
converted to ribose and deoxyribose, which are essential building blocks of
important macromolecules, such as RNA, DNA, and ATP.
4. Sparing Protein
In a situation where there is not enough glucose to meet the body’s needs,
glucose is synthesized from amino acids.
FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

5. Lipid Metabolism
As blood-glucose levels rise, the use of lipids as an energy source is
inhibited.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE (MONOMER)

Glucose is a simple sugar with six carbon

atoms and one aldehyde group. This
monosaccharide has a chemical formula
C6H12O6.

It is also known as dextrose. It is referred

to as aldohexose as it contains 6 carbon
atoms and an aldehyde group. It exists in
two forms, open-chain or ring structure.
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
 Simple Carbohydrates
The basic type of carbs. Soft drinks, candy, cookies and other sweet snacks
contain simple carbohydrates. These foods are often made with white sugar,
a form of processed sugar.
 Complex carbohydrates
It represent an important energy source for your body. They provide the
sustained fuel your body needs for exercise, daily living activities and even
rest.
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATE
 Sugars are a type of simple carbohydrate. Your body breaks down simple
carbohydrates quickly. As a result, blood sugar levels rise — and then
drop — quickly. After consuming sugary foods, you may notice a burst of
energy, followed by feeling tired.
 Starch is the most important energy source for humans. The body digests
starch by metabolizing it into glucose, which passes into the bloodstream
and circulates the body. Glucose fuels virtually every cell, tissue, and
organ in the body. If there is excess glucose, the liver stores it as
glycogen.
HOW THE BODY GET CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and unhealthy
foods. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibers, and
starches.
 The healthiest sources of carbohydrates—unprocessed or minimally
processed whole grains, vegetables, fruits and beans—promote good
health by delivering vitamins, minerals, fiber, and a host of important
phytonutrients.
 Unhealthier sources of carbohydrates include white bread, pastries, sodas,
and other highly processed or refined foods.
REFERENCES:

 https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byer
ley)/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_1st_Edition/03%3A_Carbohydrates/3.04%3A_The_Functions_of
_Carbohydrates_in_the_Body
 https://byjus.com/chemistry/glucose/#:~:text=The%20chemical%20formula%20of%20Glucose,Glucose%20is%2
0an%20aldohexose
.
 https://byjus.com/chemistry/classification-of-carbohydrates-and-its-structure/
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/15416-carbohydrates
 https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/#:~:text=Carbohydrates%20are%20found%20in%20
a,sugars%2C%20fibers%2C%20and%20starches
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