Tricarboxylic

Acid Cycle
or
Krebs Cycle
OBJECTIVES:
• Identify the major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
electron transport system, and chemiosmosis
• Explain the concept of glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
electron transport system, and chemiosmosis
• Value the importance of knowing the major features
of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system,
and chemiosmosis through illustration
What is Krebs
Cycle
Krebs Cycle

•The Krebs cycle occurs in the

mitochondrial matrix and generates a
pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADH,
and FADH2) from the oxidation of
pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.
Krebs Cycle
•The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the
tricarboxylic acid cycle, is at the center of cellular
metabolism, playing a starring role in both the process of
energy production and biosynthesis. It finishes the sugar-
breaking job started in glycolysis and fuels the production
of ATP in the process. It is also a central hub in
biosynthetic reactions, providing intermediates that are
used to build amino acids and other molecules. The citric
acid cycle enzymes are found in all cells that use oxygen,
and even in some cells that don't.
Krebs Cycle
• Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria
and loses carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA,
a 2-carbon molecule. When acetyl-CoA is
oxidized to carbon dioxide in the Krebs cycle,
chemical energy is released and captured in
the form of NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
Krebs Cycle
• The citric acid cycle provides the electrons that fuel the
process of oxidative phosphorylation, our major source of ATP
and energy. As the acetyl group is broken down, electrons are
stored in the carrier NADH, and delivered to Complex I. These
electrons then fuel the production of a proton gradient by two
proton pumps: cytochrome bc1 and cytochrome c oxidase. This
proton gradient then powers the rotation of ATP synthase,
building ATP. All of this action occurs in our mitochondria—the
citric acid cycle enzymes are inside the mitochondria, and the
protein pumps are in the mitochondrial membrane
Pyruvate Oxidation
•The first step involved is actually a preparatory step which
begins with pyruvate, pyruvate is derived through the
glycolysis of glucose which is a six carbon compound and it
is split into two molecules of pyruvate which is a three
carbon compound
•the next step includes the oxidation of pyruvate into acetyl-
coa by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and I
this reaction a molecule of carbon dioxide and a molecule
of NADH is generated. the acetyl-co a is a two carbon
compound
What are the
stages of
Krebs Cycle
Stage 1
• The acetyl-co a combines
with oxaloacetate which is
a four carbon compound
to form citrate and hence
the resulting molecule is a
six carbon compound this
reaction is catalyzed by the
enzyme citrate synthase
Stage 2
The citrate is
isomerized in
to isocitrate by
the enzyme
aconitase
 Stage 3
The isocitrate is oxidized into alpha
ketoglutarate by the enzyme
isocitrate dehydrogenase and in
this reaction a molecule of NAD is
reduced to NADH and a molecule
of carbon dioxide is generated,
hence the alpha ketoglutarate is
the five carbon compound since
one molecule of carbon is lost into
carbon
 Stage 4
The alpha ketoglutarate is
converted into Succinyl COA by the
enzyme alpha ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase and in this reaction
also a molecule of NAD is reduced
to NADH and a molecule of carbon
dioxide is released hence the
Succinyl COA a is the four carbon
compound 
Stage 5
In this stage the
Succinyl COA is
converted to Succinate
by the enzyme succinyl
COA synthase in this
reaction a molecule of
GTP/ATP is generated
Stage 6
Succinate is converted
into fumarate by the
enzyme succinate
dehydrogenase. In this
reaction a molecule of
QS2 is generated
which is used for the
production of FADH2
Stage 7
Fumarate is then
converted into
malate by the
enzyme
fumarase
Stage 8
Malate is converted
into oxaloacetate by
the enzyme malate
dehydrogenase and
in this reaction also
NAD is reduced to
NADH
 Krebs cycle product per Pyruvate
• 3 NADH
• 1 FADH2
• 1 ATP
• 2 Carbon Dioxide

All the NADH and FAHD will go to the next stage

Electron Transport Chain for the generation of ATP
Electron
Transport
Chain