KMJ36103

FARM STRUCTURAL DESIGN

SITI KAMARIAH MD SA’AT
FKTM, UNIMAP
 STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
🙠 🙢

It doesn’t matter what the subject is; once you’ve learnt how to study, you can do anything you want.
 Structural Elements
• Trusses
• Beams
• Columns
• Floors/Slab
• Foundations
Structural Elements

Superstructures –above
ground

Substructures – below
ground
Steel Building
Greenhouses
 Structural Elements Functions

• Trusses: Support the roof/cladding

• Beams: arranged to support the floor
• Columns: They transmit the building's weight
to the foundations
• Slab/Floor: Support weight of
human/equipment/facilities/ machinery
• Foundation: Made of reinforced concrete that
supports all the weight.
 Frames

• Combination of beam and column

• Usually construct under the bridge and for large span
structures like a warehouses and factories.
 Arches

• Important to improve the aesthetic value of the structures like

at the mosques.
DESIGN CODES
EUROCODE (EC)
🙠 🙢
MALAYSIA STANDARD (MS)
 Eurocodes
• The structural Eurocodes are European suite of
codes for structural design, developed over twenty-
five years (Started since 1975)
• By 2010 they will have effectively replaced the
current British Standard as the primary basis for
designing buildings and civil engineering structures
in the UK.
• Claimed to be the most technically advanced
structural design codes in the world.
 Eurocodes
• Eurocodes have been developed to improve the
competitiveness of the European construction
industry both within and outside the European
Union
• Eurocodes is actually a performance code which has
more advantages over British Standard, which is a
descriptive code.
• The utilisation of the Eurocodes will be beneficial
in the long term. It is a state-of-the art code and
contains many improvements which one cannot find
in the British Standard.
 Eurocodes
• Each Eurocode contains:-National Fowarded-Main
text and Annexes -National Annex
• National annex gives Nationally Determined
Parameters (NDPs)
• NDPs have been allowed for reason of safety,
economy and durability
 Eurocodes
• The family of Eurocodes is based on principles rather
than methods
• Format of all codes is: principles, materials, ultimate,
service, detailing
• All materials are subjected to the same limit state
regime
Eurocodes Family
 Eurocodes Family
EN Number Title of Eurocode

EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design

EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structural
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structure
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structure
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structure
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structure
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structure
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
 EN 1990 :EUROCODE
BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
 Scopes

• EN 1990 establishes Principles and requirements for

safety, serviceability and durability of structures,
describes the basis for their design and verification
and gives guidelines for related aspects of structural
reliability.
• EN 1990 is intended to be used in conjunction with
EN 1991 to 1999 for the structural design of
buildings and civil engineering works, including
geotechnical aspects, structural fire design, situations
involving earthquakes, execution and temporary
structures
 Principles and Application Rules

• The Principles comprise:-general statements and

definitions for which there is no alternatives, as well
as;-requirements and analytical models for which no
alternative is permitted unless specifically stated.
The Principles are identified by letter P following
the paragraph number.
• The Application Rules are generally recognised
rules which comply with the Principle and satisfy
their requirements.
• In EN 1990, the Application Rules are identified by
a number in bracket.
 Basic Requirement
(1)P A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it
will, during its intended life, with appropriate degrees of reliability and
in an economical way
o sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and
use, and
o remain fit for use for which it is required.

(2)P A structure shall be designed to have adequate:

-structural resistance
-serviceability, and
-durability
Design working Life
LIMIT STATE
DESIGN

Ultimate Limit State

Serviceability
🙠 Limit🙢 State
 Limit State Design
• Two types of limit state in order to ensure an
adequate degree of safety and serviceability.
o Ultimate Limit state
- In which the structure, or some part of it, is unsafe for
its intented purpose, e.g. Compressive, tensile,shear or
flextural failure or instability leading to partial or total
collapse.

o Serviceability Limit State

- In which condition, e.g deflection, vibration or cracking
occurs to an extent, which is unacceptable.
• Ultimate limit states
(1)P The limit states that concern;-the safety of
people, and/or-the safety of the structure.

• Serviceability limit states

(1)P The limit states that concern;-the
functioning of the structure or structural
members under normal use;-the comfort of
people-the appearance of the construction
works.
 Principle of limit states design
• Design Situation

1. Persistent :
• Design situation during a period of the same order as he
design working life of the structure.
• Represents normal use

2. Transient:
• Design situation during a period much shorter than the design
working life of the structure. e.g. during execution or repair
 Principle of limit states design

3. Accidental:
• Design situation involving exceptional conditions for
structure.
• e.g. Fire, explosion, impact etc

4. Seismic:
• Design situation involving exceptional conditions for
structure during seismic event.
 Attendance 7/11/2022
Student password: oatcd4 
LOADING/ACTION
🙠 🙢
 Actions
• Action is terminology for loads and imposed deformations.
• Action, F is force or load applied to the structure.
• Action: A force (load) applied to a structure or an imposed
deformation (indirect action), such as temperature effects or
settlement
 Types of Loads

• Actions shall be classified by their variations in time as follows:

⮚ Permanent actions (G), e.g. Self-weight of structures, weight of
finishes, ceiling and services, fixed equipment and road
surfacing, and indirect actions caused by shrinkage and uneven
settlements;

⮚ Variable actions (Q), e.g. Imposed loads on building floors,

beams and roofs, cause by people, furniture, equipments, etc.,
wind actions or snow loads;

⮚ Accidental action (A), e.g. Explosion, or impact from vehicles.

Types of actions
 Types of Loads

G: permanent action such as dead loads due to self-weight

• Characteristic value of a permanent action = Gk
• Design value of a permanent action = Gd

Q: variable actions such as imposed, wind or snow loads

• Characteristic value of a variable action = Qk
• Design value of a variable action = Qd

A: accidental actions such as explosions, fire or vehicle impact.

 Load cases

• Combination of actions is specifically used for the definition

of the magnitude of actions to be used when a limit state is
under the influence of different actions.
• Load cases is concerned with the arrangement of the variable
actions to give the most unfavourable conditions.
• To determine the value of actions used for analysis:
1. Identify the design situation
2. Identify all realistic actions
3. Determine the partial factor for each applicable combination of
actions
4. Arrange the actions to produce the most critical conditions
 Combination of action
• For each variable actions there are four representative values:
1.Characteristic value, (Qk) –an upper value with an intended probability
of not being exceeded or a lower value with an intended probability of
being achieved, during some specific reference period
2.Combination value, (ψoQk) –value intended to take account of a reduced
probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two or more variable
actions.
3.Frequent value, (ψ1Qk) –value such that it should be exceeded only for a
short period of time and is used primarily for the serviceability limit
states and also accidental limit state.
4.Quasi-permanent value, (ψ2Qk) –value may be exceeded for a
considerable period of time; alternatively it may be considered as an
average loading over time. I is used for a long term affects at the
serviceability limit state(SLS) and also accidental and seismic ultimate
limit state (ULS).
Recommended values of ψ factors
for buildings
Load Combination
 Design Action value

• Design loading (Fd) = partial safety factor (γF) ×

characteristic value (Fk)
• e.g. Gd = γGGk
• where:
o γG is the partial safety factor for permanent actions,
o Gk is the characteristic value of the permanent action
Partial Safety factor for material
 Factor of safety
The value of the factor of safety has to be chosen with a variety of
conditions in mind, such as the:
✔ accuracy in the loading assumptions;
✔ permanency of the loads;
✔ probability of casualties or big economic losses in case of failure;
✔ purpose of the building;
✔ uniformity of the building material;
✔ strength properties of the materials;
✔ level of quality control of the materials as the specifications;
✔ type of stresses developed;
✔ cost of building materials.

To calculate design stress,

Actions Value
 Classification of actions
• Self-weight
(1) The self-weight of construction works should be
classified as a permanent fixed
• Imposed load
(1)P Imposed loads shall be classified as variable
free actions
Weight of construction materials

Materials Density (kN/m3)

Lightweight concrete 9.0-20.0
Normal weight concrete 24.0-25.0
Cement mortar 19.0-23.0
Wood 3.5-10.8
Plywood 4.5-7.0
Steel 77.0-78.5
Water 10
Mass of building materials (Selfweight)
Densities of construction and stored materials
Imposed Loads
 Imposed load on floors in buildings

Category Qk, kN/m3

A A1: All usage within self-contained 1.5
Area for domestic and dwelling unit
residential activities A2: Bedroom and dormitories 1.5
A3: Bedroom in hotels, hospital 2.0
B B1: General use 2.5
Office area
B2: At or below ground floor level 3.0
C C1: Areas with tables- dining room 2.0
Areas where people C2: Areas with tables- classroom 3.0
may congregate
C3: Area with fixed seat- Assembly 4.0
areas
D D1: Areas in general retail shop 4.0
Shopping areas
Loading of Livestock
Mass of Farm Product
 Wind Actions
• Unless otherwise specified, wind actions should be classified
as variable fixed actions.
• (1) The wind actions calculated using EN 1991-1-4 are
characteristic values . They are determined from the basic
values of wind velocity or the velocity pressure.
• The basic values are characteristic values having annual
probabilities of exceedence of 0.02, which is equivalent to a
mean return period of 50 years.
 Wind Actions
• In most structures the dynamic effects of wind loading are small,
and static methods of analysis are adopted.
• The main features which influence the wind loading imposed on
a structure are:
♦ geographical location − London, Edinburgh, Inverness,
♦ physical location − city centre, small town, open country, ...
♦ topography − exposed hill top, escarpment, valley floor, ...
♦ altitude − height above mean sea level
♦ building shape − square, rectangular, cruciform, irregular, ...
♦ roof pitch − shallow, steep, mono-pitch, duo-pitch, multi-bay…
♦ building dimensions
♦ wind speed and direction
Wind velocity
parameter
 Wind
actions
parameter
Calculation Example
🙠 🙢
 Examp
le 1

• 1) Reinforced concrete beam

• Cross sectional area = 0.2 x 0.4 = 0.08 m2
• Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
• Weight per unit length = 0.08 x 24 = 1.92 kN/m
• Total weight of beam = 1.92 x 3 = 5.76 kN
• Design load of the beam = 1.35Gk = 7.776 kN
 Cont’

1) Steel beam
Cross sectional area = 494cm2 = 0.0494m2
From section properties table

Unit weight of steel (mild steel)

= 78.5 kN/m3
Weight per unit length = 0.0494 x 78.5 = 3.88 kN/m
Total weight of beam = 3.88 x 6 = 23.287 kN
Design load of the beam = 1.35Gk = 31.437 kN
 Example 2
• Determine the ultimate design load

Characteristic permanent load include self weight (gk) = 5.0 kN/m

Characteristic imposed load (qk) = 30.0 kN/m

• Design load = 1.35gk+1.5qk = 51.75 kN/m

 Example 3: Simple design of a
cable at the ULS
• Determine the cross-sectional area of steel required for a cable
which supports a total characteristic permanent action of
3.0kN and a characteristic variable action of 2.0 kN as shown
in Figure 3.1.
• The characteristic yield stress of the steel is 500 N/mm2. Carry
out the calculation using limit state design with the following
factor of safety.
• γG = 1.35 for permanent action
• γQ = 1.5 for variable action and
• γm = 1.15 for steel strength
Solusion:
Load Distribution
🙠 🙢
 Loads Distribution
Tributary Loadings
• When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or roofs are supported
by a structural frame, it is necessary to determine how the load
on these surfaces is transmitted to the various structural
elements used for their support.
• There are generally two ways in which this can be done. Which
are:
1. One-Way Systems
2. Two-Way Systems

• The choice depends on the geometry of the structural system,

the material from which it is made, and the method of its
construction.
Actions distribution from slab to
the beam

• Actions from one-way slab (Ly/Lx > 2)

• Actions from two-way slab (Ly/Lx ≤ 2)
Ly
Ly

Lx Lx
 One-way Slab
o One-way system : (L2/L1 > 2)
A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action
 Two-way Slab
o Two-way system : (L2/L1 ≤ 2)
A slab or deck that is supported such that it
delivers its load to the supporting members by
two-way direction

If L2/L1 = 2
If L2/L1 < 2
Example: One way slab
 Solution

• Beam AB: Total load = floor area supported x distributed load

= (2.5 x 8.0) x 5.0 = 100 kN
• Beam CD: = (4.0x 8.0) x 5.0 = 160 kN
• Beam EF: = (1.5 x 8.0) x 5.0 = 60 kN
• Total load on slab = 8 x 8 x 5.0 = 320 kN
Example: Two-way slab
Solution
Solution
 Example 2: Slab distribution
• The flat roof of the steel-frame building shown in the photo is
intended to support a total load of 2 kN/m2 over its surface.
• Determine the roof load within region ABCD that is transmitted
to beam BC. The dimensions are shown in Fig. (a).

D C

A B
 Solution
• In this case: L2 = 5 m and L1 = 4 m.
• L2/L1 = 5/4 = 1.25 m > 2, So we have two-way slab.
• The tributary loading will become:

• The load from trapezoidal area will transmitted to beam BC

while the load from triangle area will transmitted to beam
AB.
• The maximum intensity = 2 kN/m2 x 2 m = 4 kN/m
 Attendance 10/11/2022

• Student
password
• c0rcej
 THANK YOU
To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe. 

-Marilyn vos Savant-