Chapter 4:

Internet of
Things(IoTs)
Everything
 that
 has
 the
 ability
 to
 communicate
 
Global Network of Smart physical Things
Chapter 4: OBJECTIVES

At the end of this chapter students should

understand:
1. Understand the architecture of Internet of Things and connected world.
2. Explore on use of various hardware, communication and sensing
technologies to build IoT applications.
3. Illustrate the real time IoT applications to make smart world.
4. Understand challenges and future trends in IoT.
Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT
 Course Outcomes
After completing this chapter you should be able to
 Understand the idea of IoT
 List advantages and challenges of IoT
 Explain How IoT works
 List the application of IoT Across different Application Domains
 List IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms
 Explore the use of various hardware and sensing technologies to build IoT
applications.
 Illustrate the real time IoT applications to make smart world.
 Understand the available cloud services and communication API's for developing
smart cities.
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand and intuition of the whole process line of extracting knowledge from data
about the Internet of Things.
2. Solid knowledge in a broad range of methods based on design and implementation of
IoT in network performance, analysis and problem solving with design of networks.
3. Use IoT design to carry out basic statistical modelling and analysis.
4. Motivate and explain trade-offs in IoT tool technique design and analysis of
applications with IoT.
5. Create effective results of IoT future approaches.
Chapter-4 The following Topics will be covered

1. Overview of IoT
2. How does it work?
3. IoT Tools and Platforms
4. Applications of IoT
 1. Overview of IoT
Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices which can sense, accumulate and transfer data over the internet
without any human intervention.

IoT= Services + Data + Networks + Sensors

A “thing” in the internet of things can be

natural or man-made object

assigned a Unique IP address

able to transfer data over a network

The Internet of Things describes the coordination of

multiple machines, devices and appliances connected to
the Internet through multiple networks.
 Overview of IoT Contd..
IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IoT is a network
of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer data over the internet without any human
intervention.
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. 
AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life
with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks.
Connectivity − is a critical component of the Internet of Things. IoT devices rely on networks to
communicate with gateways, applications, servers, routers, and other IoT devices. This communication—
transmitting and receiving data—enables IoT devices to perform the functions they were designed for. IoT
creates these small networks between its system devices.
Overview of IoT Contd..
Sensors: Broadly speaking, sensors are devices that detect and respond to changes in an
environment. Inputs can come from a variety of sources such as light, temperature,
motion and pressure. Sensors output valuable information and if they are connected to a
network, they can share data with other connected devices and management systems. 
Sensors are crucial to the operation of many of today’s businesses. They can warn you of
potential problems before they become big problems, allowing businesses to perform
predictive maintenance and avoid costly downtime.
Top 10 Sensor Examples:
Humidity Sensors.,Pressure Sensors,Proximity Sensors.,Level Sensors. ...
Accelerometers,Gyroscope,Gas Sensors etc…
Overview of IoT Contd..
Active Engagement − Much of today’s interaction with connected technology happens
through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product,
or service engagement.

Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.
But what is IoT Exactly? Definitions?
Definition from International Bodies

Internet Architecture Board (IAB): The networking of smart objects, meaning a

huge number of devices intelligently communicating in the presence of internet protocol
that cannot be directly operated by human beings but exist as components in buildings,
vehicles or the environment

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): The networking of smart objects in which
smart objects have some constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and processing
accessibility for achieving interoperability among smart objects
 IoT Definition from International Bodies
contd…
IEEE Communications: A framework of all things that have a representation in the presence
of the internet in such a way that new applications and services enable the interaction in the
physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in the
cloud

According to the Gartner report, by 2020 connected devices across all technologies will reach 20.6 billion.
Executive Summary
Projections for the impact of IoT on the Internet and economy are impressive, with some anticipating as many as 100
billion connected IoT devices and a global economic impact of more than $11 trillion by 2025.
 History of IoT
The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke vending
machine at Carnegie Mellon University in the early 1980s.

The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially

named until 1999. One of the first examples of an Internet
of Things is from the early 1980s and was a Coca Cola
machine, Using the web, programmers has determined
whether there is cold drink or not ?

An additional and important component in developing a functional IoT took place

in June of 2012, when the major Internet service providers and web companies
agreed to increase address space on the global Internet by enabling IPV6 for their
services and products.
 History of IoT
The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as part of DARPA (Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency) in 1962 and evolved into ARPANET in 1969. In the 1980s,
commercial service providers began supporting public use of ARPANET, allowing it to evolve
into our modern Internet. Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993.

The term “The Internet of Things” (IoT) was coined by Kevin Ashton in a presentation to
Proctor & Gamble in 1999.

He is a co-founder of MIT’s Auto-ID Lab.

He pioneered (Radio Frequency Identification) RFID (used in bar code detector) for the
supply-chain management domain.
 History of IoT
IoT has evolved from the convergence of

wireless technologies,

microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),

microservices and

the Internet.

The convergence has helped tear down the silos between operational technology (OT) and
information technology (IT)

IoT evolved from machine-to-machine (M2M) communication

History of IoT
In 2009, Google started testing driverless cars(self-driving vehicles.)
By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a system using multiple
technologies, ranging from the Internet to wireless communication and from micro-
elec.tromechanical systems (MEMS) to embedded systems.
The IoT Goes Mobile – 2015.

Human neighborhoods are now becoming part of the interconnected community called

the Internet of Things.
Characteristics of  IoT
 Challenges of IoT
Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over networks. The
system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of
attackers.
Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the user’s
active participation.
Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance given
their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another.
They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locking systems.
Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its
complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard
software compliance a battle.
Pros and Cons of IoT
Advantages

Improved(active) Customer Engagement,

Technology Optimization,better quality of life

Reduced Waste,saves money,monitor,efficient and saves time

Enhanced Data Collection(sensors do that)

Communication(M2M-Machine-to Machine),automation control,information

Automation of daily tasks leads to better onitoring of devices

 Pros and Cons of IoT
Disadvantages

Increased Security Concern( more devices and more info created and shared)

Big Data Management issue( handling huge numbers)

The higher chance of system corruption (if there is a bug in any part of the system)

Device Interoperability( multiple, different device vendors with no accepted standard)

Privacy,safety(Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal

information.),compatibility,complexity,Technology takes control of life.

Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming.

IoT ARCHITECTURE
IoT ARCHITECTURE
IoT
La
yer
ed
Ar
chi
tect
ure

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT

How does IoT Works?
Stage 1 (Sensors/Actuators) : A thing in the context of “Internet of Things”, should be
equipped with sensors and actuators thus giving the ability to emit, accept and process
signals

Stage 2 (Data Acquisition Systems): The data from the sensors starts in analogue form
which needs to be aggregated and converted into digital streams for further processing.

This stage performs these data aggregation and conversion functions

How does IoT Works?
Stage 3 (Edge Analytics): Once IoT data has been digitized and aggregated, it may
require further processing before it enters the data center, this is where Edge Analytics
comes in

Stage 4 (Cloud Analytics):

Data that needs more in-depth processing gets forwarded to physical data centers or cloud-
based systems.
IoT – Type of Systems
 IoT includes many different systems, including

o Internet-connected cars

o wearable devices including health and fitness monitoring devices, watches, and even human
implanted devices;

o smart meters and smart objects;

o home automation systems and lighting controls;

o smartphones that are increasingly being used to measure the world around them; and

o wireless sensor networks that measure weather, flood defenses, tides and more

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT

IoT Enablers
The IoT four key technological enablers are: -

RFID technology used for tagging the things

Sensor technology used for sensing the things

Smart technology used for thinking the things

Nanotechnology used for shrinking the things

Communication technologies: Wireless sensor networks, sensor networks ,

2G/3G/4G,GSM,GPRS,RFID, WI-FI, GPS, etc.
Main Components of IoT
There are four main components of an IoT system

The Thing itself (that is, the device)

The local network (this can include a gateway, which translates proprietary
communication protocols to Internet Protocol).

The Internet ( the Global Network)

Back-end services (enterprise data systems, or PCs and mobile devices).

The Internet of Things from an embedded systems point of
view

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT

 IoT Communication Mechanisms
Communication between devices and the Internet or to a gateway includes many different models

Direct Ethernet or Wi-Fi connectivity using TCP or UDP

Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)

Near Field Communication (NFC)

Zigbee or other mesh radio networks

SRF and point-to-point radio links

UART or serial lines

Devices and Networks
Two major modes of connectivity
IoT network requirements

 The ability to connect large numbers of heterogeneous IoT elements

 High reliability

 Real-time awareness with low latency

 Ability to secure all traffic flows

 Programmability for application customization

 Traffic monitoring and management at the device level

 Low-cost connectivity for a large number of devices/sensors

Why is IoT important?
Touches every industry, including healthcare, finance, retail, and manufacturing

Helps people live and work smarter

Smart homes, smart, cities, smart kitchen…

Smart cities help citizens reduce waste and energy consumption

Why is IoT important?
Provides businesses with a real-time look into how their companies’ systems really
work

Delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply

chain and logistics operations

Connected sensors are even used in farming to help monitor crop and cattle
yields and predict growth patterns
IoT Across Application Domains
There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things

Consumer IoT and Enterprise IoT

Manufacturing and Industrial IoT

IoT Application Domains and Scenarios
IoT Applications - Smart Homes
IoT Applications - Smart City
IoT Applications - Smart Farming
Transportation Applications
Environmental Application: CitiSense
IoT Applications - Health Care
IoT Across Application Domains

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT

Smart Home Applications
 IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

The overall IoT system includes

oHardware (devices and sensors)
oConnectivity through a router, gateway, wi-fi, satellite, Ethernet,
etc.
oSoftware
oUser interface 
Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT
IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

 Cloud hosting has become a wide-spread and generally

appreciated method of developing and running various
technology solutions,
 IoT, directly depending on Internet, definitely benefits from all
the advantages of cloud computing
 Special cloud-based IoT platforms support the Internet-based
functions of the application – running, maintenance, analytics,
data storage, and security measures.
Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT
 IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

Below are some Cloud IoT platforms

oGoogle Cloud IoT
oMicrosoft Azure IoT Suite
oSAP
oSalesforce IoT
oOracle Internet of Things
oCisco IoT Cloud Connect
oBosch IoT Suite
oIBM Watson Internet of Things
oThingWorx IoT Platform
oHuawei Cloud Core

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT

 IoT Development Platforms
Top-class IoT development tools that can be employed by both developers and for all those who
wish to pursue IoT include
• Tessel 2
• Eclipse IoT
• Arduino
• PlatformIO
• Kimono Create
• IBM Watson
• Raspbian (Raspberry Pi)
• OpenSCADA
• Node-RED
• Device Hive
IoT hardware platforms - So many IoT Chips

Introduction to Emerging Technologies -Chapter 4 - IoT

An Exiting Future!
Thanks! Questions Plz…End of
Chapter-4 IoT