Power Electronics

(MCT-321)
Lecture # 13
Course Instructor:

Engr. Hassan Mujtaba

University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus

 Outline

• Single-phase bridge inverters

• Three-phase inverters

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 Classification of Inverters
• Inverters can be mainly classified into two types:

1. Single-phase inverters
2. Three-phase inverters

• Turn-ON and Turn-OFF controlling devices are:

1. Bipolar junction transistor [BJTs]

2. Metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor[MOSFETs]
3. Insulated-gate bipolar transistor [IGBTs]
4. Gate turn-off thyristor [GTOs]
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 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters

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 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters

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 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters

• Single phase full bridge inverter can be justified with a

switching scheme of full bridge converter.
• It consists of four choppers.
• A square wave ac output voltage is produced from a dc input
by closing and opening the switches in an appropriate
sequence.
• The output voltage can be +Vs , -Vs or zero, depending on
which switches are closed.
• The current entering into node a is considered to be positive.
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 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters
• The switches S1, S2, S3 and S4 are unidirectional, i.e. they conduct current in
one direction.
• Transistor Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 act as switches S1, S2, S3, and S4 respectively.
• There are four different states depending on which switches are closed.
• When transistors Q1 and Q2 are turned on simultaneously, the input voltage
appears across the load. If transistors Q3 and Q4 are turned on at the same
time, the voltage across the load is reversed.
• The output load voltage alternates between +Vs and -Vs when Q1, Q2 and Q3,
Q4 are ON respectively, irrespective of the direction of current flow.
• When diodes conduct, the energy is fed back to source, so they are known as
feedback diodes.

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 Q1 & Q2 ON; Q3 & Q4 OFF

• When the switches S1

and S2 are turned on
simultaneously for a
duration 0 ≤ t ≤ T1 ,
the input voltage Vin
appears across the load
and the current flows
from point a to b.
Q1 – Q2 ON, Q3 – Q4 OFF ==> ν o = Vs

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 Q1 & Q2 ON; Q3 & Q4 OFF

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 Q3 & Q4 ON; Q1 & Q2 OFF

• If the switches S3 and

S4 turned on for
duration T1 ≤ t ≤ T2,
the voltage across the
load is reversed and
the current through the
load flows from point
b to a. Q1 – Q2 OFF, Q3 – Q4 ON ==> ν o = -Vs

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 Q3 & Q4 ON; Q1 & Q2 OFF

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 Output Waveform

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 Parameters

• The fundamental RMS output voltage obtained from:

• RMS output voltage is:

• Fourier series of output voltage:

• For an RL load instantaneous load current i0 is:

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 3-phase Inverters

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 3-phase Inverters

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 3-phase Inverters

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 3-phase Inverters

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 3-phase Inverters
• A three-phase inverter converts a DC input into a three-phase AC
output.
• The three arms are normally delayed by an angle of 120° so as to
generate a three-phase AC supply.
• The switching occurs after every T/6 of the time T (60° angle
interval)
• The switches S1 and S4, the switches S2 and S5 and switches S3
and S6 complement each other.
• It can be formed by connecting three single phase (half or full
bridge) inverters in parallel across the same DC source.
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 3-phase Inverters

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 Modes of Conduction

• There are two modes of conduction for 3-phase

inverter:

1. 180° mode of conduction

2. 120° mode of conduction

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 180° Conduction

• In this mode, every device is in conduction state for 180°

where they are switched ON at 60° intervals.
• The terminals A, B, and C are the output terminals of the
bridge that are connected to the three-phase delta or star
connection of the load.
• Three transistors are ON at a time and for 60°.
• The switches in any leg cannot be switched ON
simultaneously, otherwise there would e short circuit.
Similarly, should not be turn OFF simultaneously.
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 180° Conduction

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 Modes of Operation

• There will be three modes of operation in each half

cycle:

1. Mode 1 (0° - 60°)

2. Mode 2 (60° - 120°)
3. Mode 3 (120° - 180°)

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 Mode-1 Operation

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 Mode-1 Operation

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 Mode-2 Operation

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 Mode-2 Operation

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 Mode-3 Operation

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 Mode-3 Operation

i3 R/2 = Vs/3

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 Waveforms

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 Phase Voltages

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 120° Conduction
• In this mode, each electronic device is in conduction state for 120°.
• At any instant, only two switches are conducting because each device
conducts at only 120°.
• Phase difference between two consecutive switches are 60°.
• The conduction sequence of transistors are: 16, 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 61.
• Like 180° conduction, there are 3 modes of operation in 1 half-cycle;
each for 60°.
• For every mode, 2 terminals are connected to dc supply while 3rd
remains open.

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 120° Conduction

• Phase voltages = Line voltages

• VAB = V
• VBC = −V/2
• VCA = −V/2

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 Waveform

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 Summary
• Single-phase full bridge inverter requires four switching elements
and four diodes.
• 3-phase bridge inverter requires 6 switching devices and 6 diodes.
• The output voltage fluctuates between +Vs and –Vs.
• Bridge inverters are preferred over other arrangements in higher
power ratings.
• With the same dc input voltage, output voltage is twice that of the
half-bridge inverter.
• Transistors are less utilized in 120° conduction mode as compared
to 180° for same load, hence later is preferred.
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 Coming Up

• Next Lecture:

• Voltage control of three-phase inverter

• Advanced modulation techniques

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