INSTITUTE:- UIE

DEPARTMENT:-MECHATRONICS
ENGINEERING
SENSORS, TRANSDUCERS AND DATA ACQUISTION, MTT-
202
TOPIC: Analog Input Output
By Dr. Balaka Biswas (Associate Professor)

Unit 3: Analog Input and Output DISCOVER . LEARN .

EMPOWER
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Analog Signal

A fast input sampling rate

acquires more points in a given
time and can form a better
representation of the original
signal than a slow sampling rate
can.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SAMPLING RATES

When you select a sampling rate to

obtain time-domain information such
as the shape of the waveform, you
must oversample at a rate of at least
five times greater than the highest
frequency component in the waveform.
If you want to obtain only the
frequency information, oversample at
least two times greater than the
highest frequency component in the
waveform, according to the Nyquist
Theorem.

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 What is aliasing?

Aliasing occurs when a system acquires data at an insufficient sampling rate. If a signal
contains any frequencies greater than the Nyquist frequency, they are mixed with the
sampling frequency in the converter's sampler and mapped to frequencies less than the
Nyquist frequency, causing different signals to become mixed and indistinguishable from
each other (i.e., aliases of one another) during sampling.

Fourier Transform

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 ALIASING REDUCTION
Aliasing can be eliminated:
• Using an antialiasing or pre-alias filter (Use a bandlimiting LPF and
pass the signal x(t) through it before sampling. The filter has a cut
off freq at fc=fm, therefore it will strictly bandlimit the signal x(t)
before sampling takes place)
• Increase ‘fs’ to a great extent i.e fs > 2fm. bcoz of this even though
x(t) is not strictly bandlimited the spectrums will not overlap.
• A guard band is created between the adjacent spectrums.

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 Anti-aliasing Filter
To be completely sure that the frequency content of the input signal is limited, a lowpass
filter (a filter that passes low frequencies but attenuates the high frequencies) is added
before the ADC. This filter is called an anti-alias filter because it prevents the aliasing
components from being sampled by attenuating the higher frequencies

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1) An analog signal is expressed by the equation
X(t)= 3cos50πt+10sin300πt-cos100πt. Calculate the Nyquist rate

2) Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval for the signal
cos(4000πt) cos(1000πt)