BUREAUCRACY

PRESENTED BY:
MISHAL AKRAM
 Table of Contents

• Definition

• Evolution of bureaucracy

• Theory of Bureaucracy

• Defects of Bureaucracy

• Bureaucracy in Pakistan
 Definition

• Derived from the French word ‘bureau,’ which means

desk.

• Structural arrangement or hierarchical organization of

officials appointed to carry out public objectives.

• In modern era, it refers to the administrative system

governing any large institution.
 Meaning

• There are several meanings of bureaucracy (Martin

Albrow):

i. Bureaucracy as rule by officials

ii. Bureaucracy as a rational organization

iii. Bureaucracy as organization inefficiency

 Evolution of Bureaucracy
• Max Weber, a German sociologist, was the first to use and
describe the term bureaucracy in 19th century.

•  This is also known as the bureaucratic theory of

management, bureaucratic management theory or
the Max Weber theory.

• Weber felt that the operation of large scale organizations

would be impossible without bureaucracy.
 Theory of Bureaucracy

• Max Weber, a German scientist, defines bureaucracy as

a highly structured, formalized, and also an impersonal
organization.

•  He also instituted the belief that an organization must

have a defined hierarchical structure and clear
rules, regulations, and lines of authority which govern
it.
Features
 Characteristics

• The 6 characteristics of bureaucracy are:

i. Task specialization (Specialization and Division of Labor)

ii. Hierarchical layers of authority

iii. Formal selection

iv. Rules and regulations

v. Impersonal (Impersonality and Personal Indifference)

vi. Career orientation

 Criticism
• Delay in decision making

• Misuse of power

• Discourages creativity and innovative ideas

• Too much paperwork

• Rigid and inflexible

• One way communication

• Employees commitment and dedication is ignored

 Bureaucracy in Pakistan
• Legacy from British bureaucracy.

• Successor to former ICS, which was organized to

maintain law and order.

• After independence, successor state had to fully rely

upon civil service.

• Pakistan got around 82 ICS officers.

 Role of Bureaucracy in Pakistan
• Supreme objective was rapid economic growth.

• 1947-1957: Very hardworking and dedicated which lead to

many achievements.
• Many 5 year developments plans formulated.

• Considerable power and influence on government.

• Advisors, policy formulators and implementers.

Role of Bureaucracy in Pakistan

• Ayub’s Era: Parliamentary democracy reversed. System

of BD introduced.
• Zia’s Era: Military officers inducted into civil service.

• Bureaucracy failed to provide basic facilities to

citizens.
• Overhauling of bureaucracy required.
 Characteristics

• Powerful and elitist service

• Merit based appointments

• Retained hierarchy of cadres

• Independence is retained

• Espirit de corps

• Mixture of military and civilian officers

• Politically neutral
• Composed of Generalist administrators

• Rigid Pattern of ranks

 Corruption in Bureaucracy of
Pakistan
• Causes:

i. Economic Causes

ii. Sociological Causes

iii. Political Causes

iv. Administrative Causes

 Defects in Bureaucracy of
Pakistan
• Red Tapism

• Self Aggrandizement

• Aloofness

• Bribery

• Nepotism and Favoritism

• Frustration

• Misuse of power

• Corruption and inefficiency

 Reforms in Bureaucracy
• Reform training system: Empathy over Intelligence

• Decentralization of authority

• Dynamic and well educated political executives

• Update rules and regulations

• Research studies on Administrative methods

• Inculcation of an ideology of austerity

• Adequate remuneration

• Principle of accountable management to be introduced