Lesson 4

3 I’s of INVESTIGATION
1. Information Gathering
2. Investigation
3. Instrumentation
 AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Governs all the involuntary
reflexes that cannot be
consciously controlled such as
heart beat, pulse rate, increases
and decreases in blood pressure.
 The nervous system contains
center of sensation, emotion,
thinking and many other
functions. In short, it deals with
communications and regulates
bodily activity,
SYMPATHETIC &
PARASYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
Carries on the ordinary housekeeping of the
body, restoring food reserves and observing
body’s energy.
Its role is to maintain the homeostasis of the
body necessary for normal functioning.
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
Strengthens the defenses of the body
against various dangers such as lack of water,
extreme temperature, and attack energy.
OBJECTIVE OF CONDUCTING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

ADMISSION
A statement of fact by the accused, which do not directly involve the
acknowledgment of guilt in committing or having participated in the
commission of an offense.
CONFESSION
A declaration made by a person voluntarily, stating or acknowledging
that has committed or participated in the commission of a crime.
PHSIOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA AS BASIS
OF DECTECTING
DECEPTION
1. Blood Pressure and Heart Beat
Frequency
a. Systolic or high pressure
Exist when the heart is
contracted and the values are open
with the blood rushing into the
arteries.
b. Diastolic or Low pressure
Exist when values are closed
and the heart is relaxed.
PHSIOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA AS BASIS
OF DECTECTING
DECEPTION
2. Breathing as a means of detecting
deception
Inspiration
Caused by contraction of the diaphragm
and expansion of the chest cavity that
results in the air rushing into the lungs
Expiration
Caused by relaxation of the diaphragm
and contraction of the chest cavity
resulting in the air rushing out of the
lungs.
PHSIOLOGICAL
PHENOMENA AS BASIS
OF DECTECTING
DECEPTION
3. Electrodermal Response
This is the most current
popular name for the human
body phenomenon in which
the body, mainly the skin,
changes resistance electrically
upon the application of
certain external stimuli.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH
INSTRUMENT
1. PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
Occupies the two upper pens of the instrument which records the thoracic
and abdominal patterns of respiration.
Consist of 2 hollow corrugated tubes about 7 inches in length, each attached
to a unit by a rubber hose not larger than 6 feet and not larger than one
quarter inch in diameter.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH
INSTRUMENT
2. GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
This is the longest and the 3rd pen of the instrument.
The electrodes are attached to the index finger and the ring finger of the left
hand.
The electrodes measure the skin’s ability to conduct electricity.
Galvanic Skin Resistance (GSR)- also called electro-dermal activity and is basically a
measure of sweat on the subject’s fingertips.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH
INSTRUMENT
3. CARDIOGRAPH COMPONENT
The 4th and bottom pen of the instrument
Records changes in mean blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat by
means of a medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is
wrapped around the upper arm.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH
INSTRUMENT
4. KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT
Chart-drive recording unit of the instrument.
It has a synchronized motor that drives the charts at the rate of 6-12 inches per
minute.
Its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines, which are spaced either at
one-half of an inch interval, represent 5 or 10 interval on the chart.
MAIN OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
• To ascertain if a person is telling the
truth by verifying a statement or
comparing contradictory statement.
• Obtain additional investigative leads
to the facts of an offense.
• Locate fruits or tools of the crime or
whereabouts of the unwanted person
• Eliminate innocent suspects, which is
the most important
LIMITATIONS OF THE POLYGRAPH
• It is invaluable aid but never a
substitute for an investigation.
• It is not a lie detector; it is a scientific
diagnostic instrument.
• It does not determine facts; it records
responses to what the subject knows
to be true.
• It is only as accurate as the examiner
is competent.
FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE ACCURACY OF THE
POLYGRAPH RESULTS

• Nervous experienced by a subject who is telling the truth

• Physiological abnormalities
• Mental abnormalities
• Unresponsive in a lying or guilty subject
• Attempt to “beat the machine” by controlled breathing or by
mascular flexing.
CONDITIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO BE CONSIDERED
FIT FOR POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
• The subject must have a good night sleep before the test
• Subject must refrain from smoking for at least 2 hrs. before the test
• Must be free from physical and sexual abuse
• The subject must not be interrogated for a prolonged period
• Must refrain from the use of alcohol and drugs for at least 12 hrs.
• Subject must not be hungry
• Must not be suffering from illness, fever, cold, cough. Allergy, etc.
• Must not be highly nervous
• Female subject must be free from menstrual cycle
• He/she must not have sex indulgence before the test
IDEAL POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION ROOM

• It must have a one-way mirror and a concealed microphone so that

the person/s in the observation room may hear as well as see what
occurs in the examination room.
• It must be spacious for 2 persons
• It must be well-lighted
• It must not be decorated
• It must be 90% sound proof
• Must be well-ventilated