WHAT IS ARGUMENTS

• An arguments is a
disagreement between two
or more people, but it can
also be a statement backed
by evidence.
•  The act or process of
arguing, reasoning, or
discussing
THERE ARE A FEW PRIMARY REASONS
WHY AN ARGUMENTS MAY OCCUR -

• To solve a problem or make a judgment

• To defends or explain an action or stance
• To communicate your point of view and way of
thinking to a person or group
TYPES OF ARGUMENTS

CLASSICA
EVALUATI NARRATIV
CASUAL REBUTTAL PROPSAL TOULMIN ROGREIAN L
ON E
ARGUMEN ARGUMEN ARGUMEN ARGUMEN ARGUMEN WESTERN
ARGUMEN ARGUMEN
T TS TS TS TS ARGUMEN
TS TS
TS
 CASUAL ARGUMENTS REBUTTAL
ARGUMENTS
•  This type of argument • This type of argument often
focuses on how something involves including why a
occurred and how a problem particular idea or belief is
arose as a result of that flawed and how you feel it
occurrence. can be fixed or changed. 
• This argument type is • A rebuttal argument is
important because it helps centered on refuting an idea
people determine the or belief that has been
reasons why certain things present up until this point in
happen and to make clear time.
the cause to ensure it
doesn't happen again.
 PROPSAL ARGUMENTS
ARGUMENTS
• A proposal arguments is one in • An evaluation arguments is an
which a person proposes a
particular solution to a specific
issue
• Thisarguments should
includes the established of a
problem ,the details of the
proposal and reason why the
proposal is good idea.
EVALUATION
arguments that is used to
evaluate whether a particular
elements is “good” or “bad”.
• For this arguments to
work ,those participating in the
arguments must first come to
an agreement as to the criteria
of “good” and “bad”.
NARRATIVE ARGUMENT
• A narrative argument is an
argument in which an
individual states their case
by telling a story that
illustrates a point directly
related to the argument.
• narrative arguments allow
individuals to use a narrative
to express their stance on a
particular issue. 
TOULMIN ARGUMENT
• The Toulmin argument was
developed by Stephen E.
Toulmin and is an argument
that is composed of six
different parts: claim,
grounds, warrant, qualifier,
rebuttal and backing.
 ROGERIAN ARGUMENT   CLASSICAL WESTERN ARGUMENT

This type of argument is used • A classical Western

to help those with opposing
viewpoints reach a common
ground by allowing them to
look at a situation from a
different perspective.  truths that define or affect
In a Rogerian argument, both
parties acknowledge the
opposition and build trust by
identifying each others' merit.
argument is used to
persuade a group of people
of the validity of an
argument and/or reveal the
the argument. 
•  typically includes five
different components: an
introduction, narration,
confirmation, refutation, and
a conclusion.
EVALUATE ARGUMENTS
WHEN EVALUATING AN ARGUMENT, HERE ARE SOME THINGS
THAT YOU MIGHT CONSIDER:

•Who is making the argument?

•What gives them authority to make the argument?
•What evidence is given in support of the argument? Has this evidence been
tested elsewhere? Could alternative approaches have been used?
•Does the evidence upon which the argument is based come from a reliable
and independent source? How do you know? Who funded the research that
produced the evidence?