Course code: Psy 101 Instructor: Almas Ashraf Objectives: On completion of this lecture the students will be able to understand how Psychology has gained the status of a social science going through different periods of history. Definition of Psychology The word of psychology is derived from two Greek words “Psyche and Logos” Psyche means “Soul/Spirit/Mind” and Logos means “Knowledge” Psychology stands for the knowledge of mind/soul Psychology is the science of mind and behavior Subject Matter of Psychology Subject Matter of psychology is A-B-C
A stands for Affect
B stands for- Behavior (Overt and Covert Behavior) C stands for- Cognition Historical background of Psychology The roots of Psychology can be traced back to some half million years. Primitive people assumed that behavior was caused by the presence of good and evil souls . People have been interested in the behavior of other people throughout history so that roots of psychology may be found in philosophy, religion, and science. We can divide history period into two periods Pre scientific period Scientific period Pre scientific period Some of our modern ideas of mind came from ancient Greece. Term Psychology was derived from the Greek word ‘Psyche’ (soul) and ‘logos’ (knowledge). It eventually came to mean the “study of the mind” Pre scientific period can be divided into three sub periods . i) Greek period ii) Middle ages iii) Islamic period Greek period Some early Greek philosophers regarded Psyche as a substance. This substance was thought to control the body. Some Greek philosophers are: Hippocrates (430 B.C): Greek physician Hippocrates thought that personality was made up of four temperaments and these temperaments were influenced by the presence of “humors or fluids” in the body. The problem of interest to the early Greek philosophers was the relationship between “mind” and body. Doctrine of the four humors Blood - generally optimistic, cheerful, even- tempered, but can be daydream to the point of not accomplishing anything and impulsive (mania) Phlegm – consistent, relaxed, and observant, but can be apathetic and sluggish Yellow bile - a leader, but can be controlling, easily angered or bad tempered Black bile – kind, considerate, can be highly creative - - but also can be obsessed with tragedy and cruelty (depression) Greek period Plato(427-347 B.C) He stressed the controlling influence of soul or mind. He postulated the theory of mind body dualism and held the view that as long as the soul remains in the body, the man is alive, and when it leaves the body, the man dies. Greek period Aristotle(384-322 B.C) Rejected the Plato’s theory and suggested that mind is a function of the body itself just as vision is a function of the eye. His concept of mind as a function of bodily processes was an important step in the direction of making Psychology a science. Attention turned, eventually, from pure speculation about the mind to the study of organism. Middle ages Plotinus(205-270): He was influenced by Plato and Aristotle’s thoughts. He tried to understand religious beliefs through reasoning. St. Augustine(354-430): Being a Christian philosopher, he believed that human being is interaction of soul and body. Middle ages
He was founder of introspective method.
He thought that an individual can understand his own inner feelings. Islamic Period If the ideas of modern Psychologists about mental health are assessed, we come to know that these are based on the views of Islamic philosophers and thinkers. The Muslim philosophers described the principles of life in the light if Quran and the Sunnah. Islamic Period Here a brief description of Muslim philosophers may be added into the history of psychology. Alkundi(803-873): He was a great Arab philosopher. He believed that our souls have originated from God’s soul. According to him, our real happiness lies in the reason and spiritual life. Islamic Period He tried to combine religion and philosophy as both seek reality; philosophy focuses on theoretical aspects whereas religion stresses upon actions. Al- Farabi (870-950) He wrote more than 80 books on various topics. He believed that a man is composed of body and soul, which belong to God. God is immortal and above all human thoughts. Farabi was influenced by the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. Ibn-e-Sina (980-1037) He was physician, poet and psychologist all in one. According to him, there are three kinds of mind :Human mind, Animal mind , and vegetable mind. Only the Human mind possess reason and intelligence. He said that physical illness could be treated with medicine but mental illness could be treated psychologically with religion. He thought that body had no link with mind; body perishes but mind remains alive. Imam Ghazali (1058-1111) He wrote a number of books on religion. According to him those obsessed with love of God and treading the right path do not contact mental disorders. Therefore , he also instructed people to follow the right path. He said that , this world is a place of actions and hard work and no body was allowed to remain idle in life. He viewed that man was recognized by his actions. He stressed upon children’s education. He said children’s capabilities must be assessed for proper education. He thought that mental diseases were caused by negative emotional problems and one should get rid of them. Allama Bin Khaldun (1332-1406) He proposed the theories of social psychology and explained human beliefs , prejudices , attitudes and other subject matters. According to him , religion influences human mind and whole life. Shah Wali Ullah ( 1702-1763) He wrote many books and made a deep study of human mind and behavior. He discovered the causes of mental disorders and treated them . According to him conflict goes on between positive and negative forces within human mind and healthy personality develops only by striking balance b/w the two. If irrational ideas are in excess, mental health is affected. Scientific Period This period may be divided into two sub periods: 1. Renaissance Period: Following are the important figures of this period: Francis Bacon (1564-1642) He was founder of modern science. He separated science from religion and philosophy. He proposed several theories upon education, habits and human personality. He emphasized the importance of observation instead of speculation. Descartes (1596-1650): He thought organism as complicated mechanism which could be activated by light, sound and other stimuli. Although he had a very inadequate concept of the structures and functions of the nervous system, his study of the human organism brought fresh insight to psychology. John Lock (1632-1704): He believed we were born with empty mind in the world, like blank slates upon which all of life’s experiences could be written . Other influences on early psychology came from biology and physics. Charles Darwin (1809-1882): In his book” The Origin of Species” in 1859,he outlined his theory of evolution. In his theory he suggested that animals and people show behavior that is adaptive to the environment and helpful to their survival. Hermann Von Helmholtz (1820-1894) He Measured the speed of nerve impulse and set forth a theory of color vision for our perception of musical tones. Paul Broca (1860) A French physician identified a part of the brain (still called “Broca Area”) working as control centre for speech. Weber (1795-1878) : About the middle of 19th century the discoveries made in physics gave rise to a new field known as “psychophysics” Weber observed the relationship between changes in the physical stimuli and human ability to perceive changes. Fechner (1866): He looked into mathematical connection between the physical and psychological changes. For the first time it had been demonstrated that psychological phenomenon could be quantified and investigated with scientific method.