Ho Chi Minh City

University of Technology and Education

ENGINE MANAGEMENT
EMISSION & DIAGNOSIS CONTROL

Do Van Dzung, Assoc. Prof. PhD

Faculty of Vehicle Engineering
Email: dodzung@hcmute.edu.vn 1
 Video clips to watch
1- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pr5MZni4_Bc
2- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYAJfVLPwqQ
3- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90xNrMnMQkY
4- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=To_YQMsCLD4
5-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2_I0DSxsqI
6- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2XvVL64hl8
7-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93F7KGMk5og
8-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUbH_l6MDps
9-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYRRztckoQ4
10- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9-6dkjMmQ4
11- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfIMwov4FgQ
12- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXYcPuB_quY
13- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9a6c6HxZgo
14- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4QPVklXGhk
15- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ3_MVchfiA
16- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zLwDABaSuA
17- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6dIsC_eGBI
18- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4ClmBASUco
19- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzFflPK1y_E
20- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTDpU39YF0w
21- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZc-zCr2QnE
2
22- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBD2XjejCEI
 Vehicle Emission
Emissions of many air pollutants
have variety of negative effects
on public health and the natural
environment. There are 5 types of
vehicle emission:

1- Hydrocarbons (HC) – A class

of burned or partially burned fuel.
Hydrocarbons are a major
contributor to smog. Contribute to
asthma, liver disease, lung
disease, and cancer.
Regulations governing hydrocarbons vary according to type of
engines; "non-methane hydrocarbons“, "total hydrocarbons" are
regulated.
3
 Vehicle Emission Control History
-1967 the California Air Resources Board. 1970,
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established.
Similar agencies and regulations were developed and
implemented in Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and
Japan.
-The first effort at controlling pollution from automobiles
was the PCV (positive crankcase ventilation) system.
-1966, the first emission test cycle, measuring tailpipe
emissions in PPM (parts per million). The standards were
progressively tightened by the EPA.
-1975 invention of the catalytic converter
-Euro 1 (1992) - Euro 7 (2020) for Light Duty Vehicle
standards.
- 2021: COP 26 4
 Vehicle Emission

2- Carbon monoxide (CO): A product of incomplete combustion,

causes the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

3- NOX- nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at the high

temperature and pressure inside the engine. NOx is a precursor to
smog and acid rain.

4- Particulate matter: Soot or smoke made up of particles in the

micrometre size range. Particulate matter causes negative health
effects: respiratory disease and cancer.

5- Sulfur oxides: A general term for oxides of sulfur, which are

emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulfur.

6- Volatile organic compounds (VOC): Organic compounds which 5

typically have a boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C; for
 Vehicle Emission

2- Carbon monoxide (CO): A product of incomplete combustion,

causes the blood's ability to carry oxygen. NOX- nitrogen in the air
reacts with oxygen at the high temperature and pressure inside
the engine. NOx is a precursor to smog and acid rain.

3- Particulate matter: Soot or smoke made up of particles in the

micrometre size range. Particulate matter causes negative health
effects: respiratory disease and cancer.

4- Sulfur oxides: A general term for oxides of sulfur, which are

emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulfur.

5- Volatile organic compounds (VOC): Organic compounds which

typically have a boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C; for
example chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and formaldehyde 6
Vehicle Emission Control in USA

7
Vehicle Emission Control in USA

8
Vehicle Emission Standards

9
 5 GAS
ANALYZER

10
PCV – Positive Crankcase Ventilation

11
PCV – Positive Crankcase Ventilation

12
Evaporative Emission Control

13
 Evaporative System Monitor
EVAP is used to prevent gasoline vapors from escaping into the
atmosphere from the fuel tank and fuel system. The EVAP
system usually requires no maintenance, but faults can turn on
the Check Engine light and prevent a vehicle from passing an
OBD II plug-in emissions test. The OBD II EVAP monitor on
vehicles runs diagnostic self-checks to detect fuel vapor leaks.

14
Catalytic Converter

15
 EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx)
emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline, diesel
engines and some hydrogen engines. EGR works by recirculating
a portion of exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders.
Other purposes: imparting knock resistance and reducing the
need for high load fuel enrichment in SI engines, aiding
vaporization of liquid fuels in SI engines, improving the ignition
quality of difficult-to-ignite fuels in diesel engines, improving the
performance of SCR catalysts.

16
EGR SYSTEM

17
EGR SYSTEM

18
EGR valve with position sensor

19
EGR SYSTEM & CYLINDER PRESSURE

20
EGR SYSTEM

21
EGR in Diesel Engine

22
EGR CONTROL

23
NOx TRAP

24
 SCR – SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active
emissions control technology by injecting a liquid-reductant agent
through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel
engine. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx
using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system.
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) is a non-toxic fluid composed of
purified water and automotive grade aqueous urea.

25
SCR – SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION

26
SCR – SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION

27
SCR CONTROL

28
SCR CONTROL

29
 SCR REACTIONS
In catalyst chamber, ammonia or other reductant (urea), is
injected and mixed with the gases. The chemical equation for a
stoichiometric reaction using either anhydrous or aqueous
ammonia for a selective catalytic reduction process is:

The ideal reaction has an optimal temperature range between 630

and 720 K (357 and 447 °C) 30
 OBD II AND EMISSION CONTROL

Onboard Diagnostic (OBD II) system: 1994. 1996, OBD II on

all cars & trucks.
Operation: OBD II is designed to detect emission problems,
Check Engine light comes on and a diagnostic trouble code is
stored in the powertrain computer (PCM). OBD II detects
emission faults, that could cause emissions to exceed limits by
150 percent. It also monitors: converter efficiency, catalyst
heater, evaporative system, air injection system, fuel trim, oxygen
sensors, exhaust gas recirculation, the coolant thermostat,
positive crankcase ventilation system.
- Misfire detection: OBD II will chart the rate of misfire for each
cylinder along with other data such as engine speed, load and
warm-up status when the first misfire was detected
Fuel delivery problems: OBD II monitors the operation of the
fuel delivery system, includes the fuel injectors, fuel pressure,31the
operation of the fuel pump and pump relay, oxygen sensors,
 ON BOARD DIAGNOSIS
On-board diagnostics (OBD) is an automotive term referring to
a vehicle's self-diagnostic and reporting capability. OBD systems
give the vehicle owner or repair technician access to the status of
the various vehicle sub-systems.

The amount of diagnostic information available via OBD has

varied widely since its introduction in the early 1980s versions of
on-board vehicle computers.
Early versions of OBD would simply illuminate a malfunction
indicator light or “CHECK ENGINE light" if a problem was detected
but would not provide any information as to the nature of the
problem.
Modern OBDs use a standardized digital communications port to
provide real-time data in addition to a standardized series of
diagnostic trouble codes, or DTCs, which allow a person to rapidly
identify and remedy malfunctions within the vehicle. 32
 OBD HISTORY
1968: Volkswagen introduces the first on-board computer system
with scanning capability. 1980: General Motors implements the
'assembly line diagnostic link' (ALDL) protocol communicates at
160 baud with Pulse-width modulation (PWM) signaling and
monitors few systems.
In 1981, the ALDL was not intended for use outside the factory.
The only available function for the owner is "Blinky Codes“
interpreted Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC's)
1988: The California Air Resources Board (CARB) requires that all
new vehicles have OBD I. The Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE) recommends a standardized diagnostic connector and set
of diagnostic test signals.
1996: The OBD-II specification is made mandatory for all cars
sold in the United States.
2001: The European Union makes EOBD mandatory for all
vehicles sold in the European Union. 33
OBD II DIAGNOSTIC TROUBLE CODES

34
 On-board diagnosis: Monitoring of input signals
• Monitoring sensor supply voltage
• Checking the detected value for the permissible
value range (e.g., 0.5…4.5V)
• If additional information is available, a plausibility
check is conducted using the detected value (e.g.,
comparison of crankshaft speed and camshaft speed)
• Critical sensors (e.g., pedal-travel sensor) are fitted
in redundant configuration, which means that their
signals can be directly compared with each other
 Monitoring of output signals

• Monitoring the progress of output signals through

the output driver circuit. The electric circuit is
monitored for short circuits to battery voltage, to
vehicle ground, and for open circuit.
• Impacts on the system by the actuator are detected
directly or indirectly by a function or plausibility
monitor. System actuators are monitored indirectly
via control loops and also partly by means of
position sensors.
 Fault detection & storage
• Fault detection
• A signal path is categorized as finally defective if a fault occurs over
a definite period of time.
• When the defect is categorized, a standby function is triggered (e.g.,
engine-temperature substitute value T = 90 °C).
• Fault storage
• Each fault is stored as a fault code in the non-volatile area of the data
memory.
• The fault code also describes the fault type (e.g. short circuit, line
break, plausibility, value range exceeded).
• Each fault-code input is accompanied by additional information, e.g.
the operating and environmental conditions (freeze frame) at the time
of fault occurrence (e.g. engine speed, engine temperature).
 Limp-home function

If a fault is detected, limp-home strategies

can be triggered in addition to substitute
values (e.g., engine output power or speed
limited). These strategies serve to
• Maintain driving safety
• Avoid consequential damage, or
• Minimize exhaust emissions
 Requirements of the OBD system
• Emission limits
• Malfunction indicator lamp (MIL)
• Communication with scan tool
Codes reading in OBD 1 system
Codes reading in OBD 1 system
Clear codes in OBD 1 system
OBD 2 reading codes
OBD 2 diagnostic modes (SAE J1979)
OBD2 ELM327
 PROJECTS CHAPTER 7&8
1- Volkswagen emissions scandal
2- Ford IDS – Integrated Diagnostic System
3- NOx control technologies
4- Vietnamese emission standards and comparison with
EURO standards
5- Emission control of motorcycles in Vietnam.
6- Study on OBD 2 code readers in market
7- Study on exhaust gas analyzers in market
8- Study on SCR systems
9- Study on EGR systems
10- OBD2 system and protocol
11- Description of all OBD2 DTCs
12- OBD2 PID and vehicle data reading
48
13- COP 26
 PROJECTS CHAPTER 7&8
14- Project: OBD2 DTCs reading on smartphone via
Bluetooth.
15 – Project: Using ELM 327 microcontroller for car
diagnostics
16- OBD2 scan tools for motorcycles
17- Study in 5 gas analyzers
18- Study on HID headlights
19- Adaptive headlights
20- Headlights aiming adjusting
21 – Project: Using LEDs for motorcycles lighting system
22- Project: Luminescent wheels of motorcycles using
kinetic energy
23- Calculation the quantity of gasoline saving if all the
filament lamps of car lighting system replaced with LEDs49
 PROJECTS CHAPTER 7&8
26- Design an intelligent headlight system
27- Study on automotive night vision system
28- Project: Using solar energy for motorcycle lighting
systems
29- Project: Reading engine’s data on smartphones
using OBD2 connector
30- Project: Using heat from exhaust gas to vaporize
fuel for motorcycles.
31-Project: LED license plate with intelligent colors and
brightness
32- New lighting system with h-Digi lighting modules
33- Project: Dashboard with motorcycle’s speed
34- Project: Dashboard with motorcycle engine speed
35- Project: Connection between motorcycles and 50
smartphone