WHEN “E” MEETS “M”…

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An Introduction to Electromagnetism
LESSON OBJECTIVES
THIS LESSON WILL HELP YOU TO RECALL ABOUT SOME THINGS YOU HAVE LEARNED
IN ELECTRICITY AND TO GIVE YOU SOME BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT MAGNETISM
How much do you know?
Choose the best answer.

“
1. It is a form of energy caused by the flow of charges or
electrons.
A. light C. electricity
B. heat D. nuclear

2. When a bar magnet is cut in half equally, what will happen?

A. There will be two magnets in which one magnet has N-pole while
the other has S-pole.
B. There will be two magnets in which each magnet has both N- and
S- poles.
C. There will be two magnets in which one magnet has two N-poles
while the other has two S-poles.
There will be two magnets in which each magnet has four different
poles.
How much do you know?
Choose the best answer.

“
3. Anna constructed a circuit containing 3 bulbs and two 1.5-V
batteries. She noticed that when she removed one bulb, the
other bulbs did not light. What type of circuit did she construct?
A. series B. parallel

4. Which statement is correct?

A. All metals can conduct electricity and be magnetized.
B. Some metals can conduct electricity and some can be magnetized.
C. All metals can be magnetized but not all can conduct electricity.
D. All metals can conduct electricity but not all can be magnetized .
How much do you know?
Choose the best answer.

“
5. Which of the following appliances uses large amount of
electricity which causes large amount in electricity bill?
A. radio
B. electric fan
C. cellphone charger
D. flat iron
Let’s check!
Choose the best answer.

“
1. It is a form of energy caused by the flow of charges or
electrons.
A. light C. electricity
B. heat D. nuclear

2. When a bar magnet is cut in half equally, what will happen?

A. There will be two magnets in which one magnet has N-pole while
the other has S-pole.
B. There will be two magnets in which each magnet has both N- and
S- poles.
C. There will be two magnets in which one magnet has two N-poles
while the other has two S-poles.
There will be two magnets in which each magnet has four different
poles.
Let’s check!
Choose the best answer.

“
3. Anna constructed a circuit containing 3 bulbs and two 1.5-V
batteries. She noticed that when she removed one bulb, the
other bulbs did not light. What type of circuit did she construct?
A. series B. parallel

4. Which statement is correct?

A. All metals can conduct electricity and be magnetized.
B. Some metals can conduct electricity and some can be magnetized.
C. All metals can be magnetized but not all can conduct electricity.
D. All metals can conduct electricity but not all can be magnetized .
Let’s check!
Choose the best answer.

“
5. Which of the following appliances uses large amount of
electricity which causes large amount in electricity bill?
A. radio
B. electric fan
C. cellphone charger
D. flat iron
 Electrostatics
* It is the study of electricity at rest.
* It is consists of electric charges that
stay in one place.
* A CHARGE (Q or q) is a fundamental
characteristic of a matter, responsible for
all electric and electromotive forces.
* A charge is expressed either in + charge
or – charge.
 * The unit of charge is coulomb (C)
after Charles Augustin de Coulomb.
* ELECTROSCOPE is an instrument used
to detect charges and determine
whether it is positive or negative.
Electroscope
 Transfer of Electric Charge
* Just like ENERGY, a charge can neither be
created nor destroyed but it can be
transferred.
(1) Charging by Conduction
It is the transfer of charges through direct
contact.
(1) Charging by Conduction
 (2) Charging by Induction
It is the movement of charges to one part
of an object by the electric field of another
object even they do not are not in direct
contact with one another.
 (3) Charging by Polarization
It is the movement of charges to an
INSULATOR ( a material that doesn’t
conduct electricity) when there is a charge
nearby.
 Lightning

It is caused when a large electric charge builds up on

a cloud as the result of ice and water particles in the
cloud rubbing together. Positive charges build up at
the bottom. The electrons suddenly leap from the
cloud to the ground or to another cloud.
 Van de Graaff Generator

Van de Graaff generators can build up very high charges

of static electricity. As this girl touches a generator, her
body becomes charged along with the generator. The
charged strands of her hair repel each other, causing her
hair to stand on end.
 Law of Charge
Unlike charges attract; like charges repel.
Coulomb’s Law
This law states that the force of attraction
or repulsion between two charges is
directly proportional to the product of the
two charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.
 Electric Field
It is the region around a charged body or
particle, where the electric force can be
determined.

Electric Lines of Force

These are the imaginary lines that make up
an electric field.
 Electric Field and
Electric Lines of Force
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
* It is a complete and continuous path or loop in
which electric current can transfer electrical
energy from a suitable source to a useful load.
* A source or supply, a load and a conductor are
the major components of an electric circuit.
 SERIES CIRCUIT
* A kind of circuit where there is only one flow of
current.
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT
* A kind of circuit where there current branches
out to different loads.
 WHICH TYPE OF CIRCUIT
PRODUCES BRIGHTER LIGHTS?
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
 ELECTRIC CURRENT (I)
* It is the movement of charged particles in a
specific direction.
* It measures of how much charge is passing
through a given point in a given conductor per
given amount of time.
* The unit used is coulomb per second (C/s) or
ampere (A) after Andre Marie Ampere.
1 C/s = 1 A
 Types of Current Based on the Movement of Charges
Conventional Current Electron Flow
Flow Current is from negative
Current is from positive
(lower potential) to positive
(higher potential) to negative
(higher potential).
(lower potential).
 Types of Current Based on the Behavior of the
Direction of Current
Direct Current (DC)
* It is a kind of current where it continues to flow in
one direction through the conducting wire all the time.
This is the kind of current we get from flashlight cells
and batteries.
Alternating Current (AC)
* It is a kind of current where it periodically reverses
the direction in which it is moving. This is the kind of
current we have in our home and in school.
 VOLTAGE (V)
* It is also known as electromotive force (emf)
or potential difference (pd).
* It is the electric pressure that causes current to
flow. It is the work needed to move a charged
body against the electric force, toward or away
from another charged body.
• The unit used is joule per coulomb (J/C) or
volt (V) after Alessandro Volta.
1 J/C = 1 V
 RESISTANCE (R)
* It is the opposition of a material to current.
* The unit used is ohm (Ω) after Georg Simon Ohm.

WITH RESISTORS

Compare the brightness of the two bulbs.

 OHM’S LAW
* Formulated by Georg Simon Ohm, this law states that
current (I) is directly proportional to the voltage (V) and
inversely proportional to the resistance (R).

I=V/R
V R
V = IR
IR = V / I
 ELECTRIC POWER (P)
* It is the rate of electrical energy transfer or the
rate of doing work by electricity.
* The unit used is ampere-volt (AV) or
watt (W) after James Watt.
* Another unit used is horsepower (hp).
1 hp = 746 W
P = V2 / R P = IV P = I 2R
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY (E)
• It is the capability of electricity to do work. It
can be expressed as a product of electric power
and the time of electrical consumption.
* This is what MERALCO is charging us on our
monthly electric bill.
* The unit usually used is kilowatt-hour (kWh).
E = Pt
 Electrical Hazards and Safety
* OVERLOADING in a circuit is done if there are too much
loads which causes the resistance to reach zero value and
the current to reach the maximum value.
* SHORT CIRCUIT happens when the two wires touch
each other producing a shorter route for the current.
* ELECTROCUTION happens when current passes through
our body. Inside our body, we have an internal resistance
from 100 Ω (wet skin) to
500 000 Ω (dry skin).
 Electrical Hazards and Safety
* FUSES are protective devices that consist of a metal
wire or ribbon that melts at a particular amount of
current.
* CIRCUIT BREAKERS interrupt the circuit mechanically
when a large current occurs due to overloading or short
circuit.
* GROUNDING is an electrical connection between the
appliance and the earth or any conductor with zero
potential to prevent electric shock.
 MAGNETISM
* More than 2000 years ago, people in Asia
discovered black, metallic rocks that can attract
iron. These were called LODESTONES, meaning
leading stones, by the Arabs and Greeks. These
stones always pointed in the same direction when
hung. Later, Lodestones was termed magnetite
after the district of Magnesia in Turkey.
 Properties of Magnets
(1) Magnets have the ability to attract
materials that are magnetic in nature.
* FERROMAGNETICS are materials that have
strong magnetic property such as Fe, Ni and Co.
* NONMAGNETIC materials include the following
metals: Cu, Zn, Al and Sn.
 Properties of Magnets
(2) Law of Poles
* Like poles repel, unlike poles attract.
* The attraction and repulsion is strongest at the poles
and weakest at the center..
(3) When allowed to hang freely, magnets always align
in one particular direction.
* For instance, the north-seeking pole of compass always point to
the North Geographic Pole of the Earth because the South
Magnetic Pole is near to this location.
Earth’s Geographic and Magnetic Poles
The Earth’s geographic
north and south poles are
the northern and southern
end of the Earth’s axis lying
in the Arctic ocean and
Antarctica, respectively. As
illustrated in the picture, the
north-seeking pole or needle
of the compass always
points to the geographic
north pole.
Earth’s Geographic and Magnetic Poles
The Earth’s magnetic north and south
poles are the ones responsible for
creating the Earth’s magnetic field. As
illustrated in the picture, the north-
seeking pole or needle of the compass
always points to the geographic north
pole. It is not because the needle is
attracted to the geographic north of
the Earth but of the magnetic south
pole. This is because the south
magnetic pole of the Earth is found
near the geographic north pole. This is
the same as to the magnetic north and
geographic south as well.
 Properties of Magnets
(4) Magnetic poles always come in pairs.
* If you break a magnet in half, each is still a
complete magnet with two poles, north and
south.
 Magnetic Field (B)
* It is a region in space where magnetic force can
be detected.
* The picture shows iron filings that have been
sprinkled on paper over a bar magnet.
Magnetic Field (B) Electric Field

Magnetic field lines are pointing Electric field lines are pointing
from the north pole to the south from the positive charge to the
pole of the bar magnet. negative charge.
* The unit used in magnetic field (B) is tesla (T)
after Nikola Tesla.
• The number of magnetic field lines passing
through a given region is called
MAGNETIC FLUX (ф).
* The unit used in magnetic flux (ф) is weber
(Wb) after Wilhelm Weber.
Let’s assess!
Choose the best answer.

“
1. Which is the complete set-up for simple electric circuit?
A. battery, wire, switch, bulb
B. fuse, battery, switch, bulb
C. bulb, fuse, switch, wire
D. switch, fuse, wire, battery

2. Two bar magnets are placed with each other. Which position of the
bar magnets will there be attraction with each other?
S N S N
A. N S B. N S

C. D. Either A or B
N S N S
Let’s assess!
Choose the best answer.

“
3. Which circuit will have the brightest lights?
A. two bulbs connected in parallel with each other to three
dry cells
B. two bulbs connected in series with each other to three dry
cells
C. three bulbs connected in parallel with each other to three
dry cells
D. three bulbs connected in series with each other to three
dry cells
Let’s assess!
Choose the best answer.

“
4. The direction of the magnetic field is _____________.
A. from positive to negative C. north to south poles
B. south to north poles D. from negative to positive

5. The strongest magnetic field is _____________ and the weakest

is __________________.
A. at the middle, at the poles
B. at the poles, at the middle
C. at N-pole, at S-pole
D. at S-pole, at N-pole
 THANKS!

Hope you have learned something new in our

today’s discussion. ‘Till next time God
willing :D