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Cú Pháp Final... CHUẨN Nhất
Cú Pháp Final... CHUẨN Nhất
OF
ENGLISH SYNTAX
Compiled by: Nguyen Thi Xuan Thuy
QNU,2022
MY TEAM
Trương Thị Hoàng Vy Huỳnh Thị Như Nguyệt Phan Thị Hồng Nhung
NP VP
NP
AUX
N V DET N
Mary is eating a salad.
Trương Thị Hoàng Vy
⚬The second step requires transformation, which is a special rule
that can move an element from one position to another.
⚬When inversion is applied to the above example, we have the
new one below.
NP
VP
AUX NP
N V DET N
NP VP
AUX NP
DET N v DET N
NP VP
Det N Aux V
DEEP STRUCTURE
Transformation
SURFACE STRUCTURE
You saw a frog DS
SS
What did you see
⚬D-structure for multiword combinations
V PP
P N
Look at me
⚬In much the same way, intransitive phrasal verbs, such as get up, would
have the V and the particle (PRT) as sisters:
V'
V PRT
Get up
Huỳnh Thị Như Nguyệt
⚬Transitive phrasal verbs have D-structure in which the
particle precedes the object. The verb and the particle
form a V-bar, which in turn forms a higher V-bar with
the object.
V' NP
V PRT Det N
Q S’
NP Comp S
VP
Pro NP V‘
Aux
DET N V NP
Q S’
NP Comp S
N N NP VP
V‘
DET N Aux
V NP
S’ VP
Comp S V NP A
Det N
NP
VP
Det N V S’
Comp S
NP VP
Det N V S’
COMP S
NP VP
Det N V S’
Comp S
NP VP
Det N V A S’
Comp S
The sequence although it rained heavily is a clause and therefore an S; the sequence
inside it, it rained heavily, also looks like an S. Thus, we will show the full clause form
(with its subordinator in the COMP slot) as S’ (S-bar). At the same time, we also show an
S-bar for the main clause.
NP VP
Det N’ V PP S’
A N P N
NP VP
Det A N V PP S’
P N Comp S
NP VP
Pro V Adv
S’ S
S’ S
Comp S NP VP
NP VP Det A N V PP
Pro V Adv P N
The object noun phrase consists of the determiner the plus an N-bar containing
the head noun schoolbag and a whole clause beginning with the relative pronoun
which. As mentioned in chapter of clauses (chapter 5), the relative clause (adjective
clause) has the function of post modifier of the noun; therefore, it will be attached to
the noun before it to form the NP bar. In other words, the adjective clause is the sister
constituent of the head nouns schoolbag, and they are both daughters of the N’ in X’P
rule.
Phan Thị Hồng Nhung
S
NP VP
Det N’ V NP
A N Det N’
N S
VP VP
Det A N V NP
Det N S
NP VP
Pro Aux V PP
P NP
N
S’
NP VP
Det N Aux V’
V NP
S’
S’ .
S’
NP VP
N Aux V’
V NP
John [T]
is eating what
[T] Phan Thị Hồng Nhung
2. The analysis of Compound Sentences
Compound sentences are a combination of two or more independent clauses joined together by
a coordinating conjunction.
Remembering the acronym FANBOYS is an easy way to remember the coordinating
conjunctions we can use to join independent clauses.
FANBOYS
for so
and yet
nor but or
S conj S
S Conj S
NP VP NP VP
P N
Conj S
S S’
Conj S
NP VP NP VP
P N
S Conj S
NP VP NP VP
N V NP N V NP
Det N Det N