Energy Transformation

ATP- ADP Cycle

Energy is the capacity to
cause change. It is also
the ability to rearrange a
collection of matter.
Living organisms are
open systems (i.e.
energy and matter can
be transferred between
the system and its
surroundings).
 Different Forms of Energy
• Kinetic- energy associated with relative motion
of objects.
• Thermal energy-type of kinetic energy
associated with random movement of atoms.
• Light Energy- main energy source is the sun
and powers photosynthesis (anabolic process).
• Potential Energy- possessed energy of a matter
at rest (non- moving form)
• Chemical energy- potential energy released in
a chemical reaction
POTENTIAL
Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling in Ecosystems

Energy flows into

ecosystem as
sunlight and
ultimately leaves as
heat, while the
chemical elements
essential to life are
recycled.
Laws of Energy
Thermodynamics is the
Transformation study of energy
transformations that
occurs in a system
(collection of matter).
Everything that is not
a part of the system
constitutes its
surroundings. The
system and
surroundings are
separated by a
boundary.
 If matter is not able to pass across the
boundary, then the system is said to be
closed; otherwise, it is open.
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be changed
from one form to
another, but it cannot be
created nor destroyed.
The total amount of
energy and matter in the
Universe remains
constant, merely
changing from one form
to another.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
It states that "in all energy
exchanges, if no energy
enters or leaves the
system, the potential
energy of the state will
always be less than that of
the initial state." This is
also commonly referred to
as entropy. Every energy
transfer or transformation
increases the energy of
the universe.
Entropy is a measure of
disorder: cells are NOT
disordered and so have
low entropy. The flow
of energy maintains
order and life. Entropy
wins when organisms
cease to take in energy
and die.
 Free Energy
Gibbs free energy is the energy in the
system that can perform work when
temperature and pressure are uniform
throughout the system. It is also known as
free energy change.
• Increase in G: UNSTABLE i.e. concentrated dye
• Decrease in G: STABLE i.e. dye dispersed in water
• In chemical reactions: as reaction precedes
equilibrium, the free energy of reactants and
products decreases (decreases free energy). If
products will be removed free energy will increase.
• When systems reach maximum stability, the
system reaches the state of equilibrium. If
equilibrium is reached there is NO WORK. In
chemical reactions proceeding equilibrium NO NET
CHANGE in the relative concentration of reactants
and products. A normal cell is not in equilibrium,
because its products are not accumulated within its
system, INSTEAD the products becomes a reactant in
the next step. A cell that reaches the state of
equilibrium is DEAD.
Exergonic reactions-
energy is released (energy
outward), more decrease
in free energy= more
work done

Endergonic reactions-
energy is absorbed
(energy inward). Plants
stores energy in the form
of glucose (from carbon
dioxide and water
 REAL LIFE ANALOGY OF THE ATP=ADP CYCLE

ATP meaning
Adenosine
Triphosphate has a
structure composed
of: sugar ribose,
nitrogen base adenine
and a chain of 3-
phosphate groups.
 It is one of the most important compounds
inside a cell because it is the energy transport
molecule. It can perform such function when
one of the phosphate groups is broken off,
turning it into Adenosine Diphosphate. When a
phosphate breaks off, through chemical
reactions in a cell, energy is released which the
plant uses for cellular processes. The lower
energy Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) is then re-
energized during photosynthesis as the
phosphate group is re-attached, thus completing
the cycle of ATP to ADP to ATP...
 3 Main Kinds of Work in A Cell Which
are Possible through Energy Coupling

1.) Chemical work:

synthesis of
polymers from
monomers (pushing
of endergonic
reactions)
2.) Transport work:
pumping of
substances across
membranes (against
the direction of
spontaneous
movement)
 3.)Mechanical
work: beating of
cilia, contraction of
muscles.
It also used to
make RNA (since
ATP is used as one
of the nucleoside
triphosphate)
 Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP drives endergonic
reactions by
phosphorylation,
transferring a phosphate
group to some other
molecule, such as a
reactant
The recipient molecule is
now called a
phosphorylated
intermediate.
How the Hydrolysis of ATP Performs Work
• The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s
tail can be broken by hydrolysis.
• Energy is released from ATP when the terminal
phosphate bond is broken.
• This release of energy comes from the chemical
change to a state of lower free energy,
not from the phosphate bonds themselves.
• In the cell, the energy from the exergonic reaction of
ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an endergonic
reaction.
• Overall, the coupled reactions are exergonic.
Hydrolysis of ATP leads to
change in the shape of
protein and in its ability to
bind to another molecule.
Phosphorylation (ADP to
ATP) and
dephosphorylation (ATP to
ADP) promote crucial
protein shape changes
during important cellular
process
 The Regeneration of ATP
• ATP is renewable it can be regenerated by the
addition of phosphate to ADP.
• Catabolism (exergonic) provides the free
energy to phosphorylate ADP.
• ATP formation is not spontaneous; there is a
need to use free energy.
• ATP cycle is the shuttling of inorganic
phosphate and energy.
• ATP regeneration happens very fast (10M molecules of
ATP used and regenerated per second).
• If ATP could not be regenerated by phosphorylation of
ADP,
HUMANS would use nearly their body weight in ATP each
 COUPLED REACTION PROCESSES
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions involve
electrons passing from one molecule to another.
Oxidation (also splitting) is the loss of electrons
while reduction is the gain of electrons.
 Uncoupled vs. Coupled Reaction

Uncoupled reaction
is when a reaction
that occurs releases
energy that will
merely turn it into
heat.
 ATP in Coupled Reaction
When reaction coupling involves ATP, the
shared intermediate is often a
phosphorylated molecule (a molecule to
which one of the phosphate groups of ATP
has been attached).
• A phosphate group is
transferred from ATP to
glucose, forming a
phosphorylated glucose
intermediate (glucose-P).
• The glucose-P intermediate
reacts with fructose to form
sucrose. Because glucose-P
is relatively unstable
(thanks to its attached
phosphate group), this
reaction also releases
energy and is spontaneous.
 Photosynthesis
and cellular
respiration are the
two main
processes
performed by
most living
organisms to
obtain usable
energy from
nature.
MAJOR FEATURES AND CHEMICAL EVENTS
IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 Features   Photosynthesis
1. Raw materials Carbon dioxide,
water
2. End products Glucose, oxygen
3. Electron transfer NADP+ is turned to
compound NADPH
4. Location of electron Thylakoid membrane
transport chain
  Features   Photosynthesis
5. Organelle involved Chloroplast
6. ATP production Photophosphorylation
 
7. Source of electron for In noncyclic electron
ETC transport : H2O (undergoes
photolysis to yield
electrons, protons, and
oxygen)
8. Type of metabolic Anabolism
reaction
9. Terminal electron In noncyclic electron
acceptor transport: NADP+ (becomes
for electron transport chain reduced to form NADPH)
  Features   Cellular Respiration
1. Raw materials Glucose, oxygen
2. End products Carbon dioxide,
water
3. Electron transfer NAD+ is turned to
compound NADH+
4. Location of Mitochondrial inner
electron transport membrane
chain (cristae)
5. Organelle Mitochondrion
involved
  Features   Cellular Respiration
6. ATP production Phosphorylation and
oxidative phosphorylation

7. Source of electron for Immediate source: NADH

ETC and FADH2, Ultimate source:
glucose
8. Type of metabolic Catabolism
reaction

9. Terminal electron O2 (becomes reduced to

acceptor for electron form H2O)
transport chain
Thank You!