CELL

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-nucleus -cytoplasm
-nucleolus -cytoskeleton
-cell membrane -vacuole
-mitochondria -chloroplast
-golgi Apparatus -centrioles
-lysosomes -ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
*Rough ER & Smooth ER 2
 NUCLEUS
The “brain” of the cell

DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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 NUCLEUS
CHROMOSOMES
carry the information that
Chromosomes –determines what traits a
living thing will have

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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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 DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• carries the genetic information of a cell.
• consists of thousands of genes.
• specifies everything that is needed for the
maintenance, function, and replication of the
cell.

It is made up of 4 different bases:

(A) adenine (C) cytosine
(T) thymine (G) guanine
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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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NUCLEOLUS

is the dark area

in the nucleus.

is like a tiny

nucleus inside the
nucleus.

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 CELL MEMBRANE
 holds the cell together.
 keeps all of the pieces (like the
organelles and the cytoplasm) inside the
cell.
 controls what goes in and out of the
cell.
Example: A big plastic bag with tiny
holes in it.
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 How does the cell membrane
work?
Has 2 layers of MOLECULES = BILAYER

Bi means two

The layers are made up of molecules called

phospholipids

**Think of a sandwich with two pieces of

bread and some stuffing on the inside.
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Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Each phospholipids
has a HYDROPHOBIC
and HYDROPHILIC
end.

•HYDRO = means water

•PHOBIC = means afraid
•PHILIC = means loving
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Cell Membrane: PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 One end of the molecule is “afraid”
of the water and one end “loves” being
in the water.
 Proteins are stuck inside the
membrane.
 Proteins are across the bilayer and
make the holes that let ions and
molecules in and out of the cell.
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MITOCHONDRIA
 Mito = Mighty / Power

 The Power-House of the cell

 They break down food molecules so the

cell has the energy to live

 If a cell needs a lot of energy…it will have

more mitochondria.
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The Mitochondria structure has three main
parts:

OUTER MEMBRANE:
- covers the mitochondria

INNER MEMBRANE:
- folds many times to
increase the surface area
because chemical reactions
(glycolysis) occur here.

So…the more space it has the more energy it

can create. 15
MATRIX: a fluid
that has water and
proteins all mixed
together (like a solution)

•The proteins take

the food molecules
in and combine
them with Oxygen
to release the
energy
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 also known as the “ER”
 an organelle inside the cell that is made up
of membranes that are in the CYTOPLASM
of the cell

Two kinds of ER:

Smooth ER
Rough ER

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 SMOOTH ER
 Main function is to collect, maintain &
transport things

 Shaped slightly tubular

 Creates steroids

 Stores ions for the cell to keep nutrients

balanced
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 ROUGH ER
It has bumps all over it giving it a “rough”
appearance
Bumps are called RIBOSOMES

ER collects the proteins (built by the

ribosomes) and creates a bubble around them

 VESICLE is formed when the ER pinches

off a part of its membrane.
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MOVEMENT OF VESICLES
*The vesicle can then move to the Golgi
apparatus or the cell membrane

1) If the vesicle floats to the cell

membrane, the proteins are going to be sent
out of the cell (exocytosis).

2) If they move to the Golgi Apparatus,

the proteins will be used inside the cell.
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EXOCYTOSIS -The release of intracellular
molecules (hormones or proteins)
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 OSMOSIS
is the movement of
water across the
cell membrane.

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 GOLGI APPARATUS
• is also called the Golgi Complex.
• is made up of a stack of flattened out sacs
like a loose stack of pancakes.
WHAT DOES IT DO?
1) It takes simple molecules and combines them
to make larger molecules.
2) It takes those larger molecules and puts them
into packs called GOLGI VESICLES.
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Think about building a model of a ship (that's the
molecule). Then take that model and put it in a
bottle (that's the vesicle).
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GOLGI APPARATUS

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 LYSOSOMES
(primarily animal)

•combine with the food taken in by the

cell.
•The enzymes in the lysosome bond to
food & digest it (acidic interior)

*Smaller molecules are released which are

absorbed by the mitochondria
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 LYSOSOMES
• When an organelle no longer works, the
lysosome will attach itself to it and break it
down like food (kind of like a cannibal)
– Chemicals can then be reabsorbed or
excreted.
• Lysosomes can also destroy the cell if it breaks
open accidentally
– “Suicide Sacs”
– UV light damages lysosome membrane
• The enzymes inside the lysosome spread
throughout the cell and digest it.
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LYSOSOMES

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 CYTOPLASM
Protoplasm
- everything inside the cell membrane

Cytoplasm
- everything inside the cell membrane & outside of
the nucleus except the cell’s nucleus

Cytosol:
– Mostly H2O
– Contains organelles
– Contains salts, dissolved gasses & nutrients
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CYTOPLASM

cytoplasm

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 CYTOSKELETON
• Chief functions include:
– movement of material through the
cell for stuff not diffusion or
osmosis
– maintaining the shape of the cell
– keeping the cell from getting
smashed

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 VACUOLES
• are “bubbles” that float in the cell. 

• are more important to the survival

of plant cells than they are to
animal cells.

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 VACUOLE: STORAGE IN
PLANT CELLS
• Vacuoles in plants support structure
• Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell
might need…like a backpack
• There are some vacuoles that hold onto
waste products, similar to having a big
septic tank
• Storing waste products protects the cell
from contamination
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 VACUOLE

So, when there is no water…the

vacuole shrinks and the cell
wall is the only thing holding
the plant together.

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You will know that a plant's vacuoles
are shrinking when you see the plant
begin to droop over.
HOLDING UP THE WALLS

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TURGOR PRESSURE
•force exerted by the water entering (osmosis)
the vacuole, which then swells exerting internal
force on the cell wall
•causes “rigidity” so the plant my increase by
stacking cells 39
CHLOROPLAST

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 CHLOROPLAST
•the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic
cells.
•disk-like structures.
•composed of a single membrane
•surrounding a fluid containing stacks of
membranous disks

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•SOLAR energy
radiated from the
CHLOROPLAST
sun is captured by
plants(chloroplast)

•Then it is
instantaneously
changed into
ELECTRICAL energy

•Then packaged as
CHEMICAL energy
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•PHOTOSYNTHESIS
•takes place inside the chloroplast.

• the process in which plant use water,

carbon dioxide, and energy from the
sun to make food

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 CHLOROPLAST
•No energy transformation is 100%
efficient

•Not all the solar energy captured is

converted to electrical and then chemical
energy.

•WHY???
•Some of it gets lost as heat or other
forms of energy (light) 45
 CENTRIOLES
•generally appear in animal cells.
•look like two cylinders at right angles
to one another.
•when viewed with an electron
microscope, the cylinders show up as
nine bundles of tiny microtubules
arranged in a circle.

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 CENTRIOLES

•help to form the fibers that move

chromosomes around when the cell is
dividing.
•As animal cells prepare for cell division
these two centrioles separate and go to
opposite ends of the cell.

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 Ribosomes
•are small dot-like structures in cells.
•are often associated with forming
rough ER.
•are the site of protein synthesis in
cells.
•are made in the nucleus of the cell.
•A ribosome can make the average
protein in about one minute
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 Ribosome Structure
•Ribosomes are made up of proteins and
ribonucleic acid(RNA)
•These molecules are arranged into two
subunits
•These subunits are attached to each
other and together form the entire
ribosome
•When viewed through a light microscope
the ribosomes appear as dots 50
 TYPES OF RIBOSOMES
1) attached to the rough ER
2) floating in the cell cytoplasm

•Attached ribosomes make proteins

that are used in the ER or transported
within the ER.
•Free ribosomes make proteins that are
used in the cytoplasm.
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