HYPONYMY

&
PROTOTYPE
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 Table of contents

01 Hyponymy 02 Prototype

03 Minigame
 01
HYPONYMY
 Don't
forge
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HYPONYMY ...

1. Definition of 2. Hyponym and

Hypernym
Hyponymy

3. More
information
 1. Definition of hyponymy
1.1 Definition of hyponymy:

Hyponymy is a relation in which the sense of a

word is totally included in the sense of another
word.
 1.2 Hyponymy and relationship:

- Hyponymy is the relationship between each of the

hyponyms ( the lower word) and its superordinate*
( the highest word).
- Superordinates are also referred to as hyper(o)nyms or
generic lexical items

Example:  
+ red is a hyponym of color and color is a hypernym of red
-> Hyponymy = red( hyponym) + color( hypernym)
 HYPONYMY
RELATIONSHIP
HYPERNYM BETWEEN HYPONYM
(The higher word) (The lower word)
(Superordinate) (Subordinate)

a word whose sense a word whose sense is

covers all the senses totally included in the
of its hyponyms. sense of another word
 2.Hyponym and Hypernym
2.1 Definition of Hyponym

Hyponym is a word whose sense is totally included in

the sense of another word. 
Hyponym often exist at more than one level, resulting
in multiple layers of hyponymic relationship.

Example:  
+ Red is a hyponym of color.
+ Chair is a hyponym of furniture.
+ Hate is a hyponym of emotion.
 ● The idea that if an
object is a red, then it is
2.2 The concept of necessarily a color.
“inclusion” ●  The meaning of color
is included in the
meaning of red .Or, red
is a hyponym of color.
 2.3 Hierarchical relationship

+ The hyponym has a level structure that is interrelated in

giving meaning so as to form a hierarchical arrangement.
+ In other words the hierarchical relationship is the
meaning that is identified from the hyponym structure
that is related to each other.
MORE EXAMPLES :

+  Carrot is a hyponym of vegetable.

+ Tea is a hyponym of beverage.

+ Eyes are a hyponym of a part of the body.

 2.4 Definition of hypernym:

Accordingly, a superordinate is a word whose sense covers all

the senses of its hyponyms.

Examples:
+ red is a hyponym of color, in this case, color is called the
superordinate term/ hypernym of red
+vegetable is a hypernym/ superordinate term of carrot
+beverage is a hypernym/ superordinate term of tea
 2.5 Definition of co-hyponym :

Two or more words that share the same superordinate

term(hypernymy) are co-hyponyms

Examples:
- Red, blue, yellow are co-hyponyms and the superordinate term/
hypernym is color.
- Carrot, cucumber are co-hyponyms of vegetable.
- Tea, coffee, milk tea are co-hyponyms of beverage.
Distinction between a hyponym and a supordinate:
 VERB NOUN
S
HYPONYMY

Example: The verb see

hyponyms—glimpse, stare,
gaze, ogle, ...

Hyponymy is not restricted to nouns.

3.MORE INFORMATION
Hyponymy is a transitive relation: if X is a hyponym of Y,
and Y is a hyponym of Z, then X is a hyponym of Z

color

Purple

violet
A word can be both a hypernym and a hyponym
 02
PROTOTYPE
1. Definition
2. The concept of prototype
3. More information
 PROTOTYPE
1.Definition of prototype :

A prototype is a cognitive reference

point, i.e the proto-image of all
representatives of the meaning of a word
or of a category.
 PROTOTYPE
1.Definition of prototype :

An original or first model of something

from which other forms are copied, types,
concepts, ideas or developed.
* The idea of “ the characteristic instance “
or " a category" is known as the prototype. 

Example : a double-decker bus is a

prototype of a bus in British cities.
 2. The concept of prototype
The concept of a prototype helps explain the
meaning of certain words, like fish , not in terms of
component features.
The concept of a prototype helps explain the
meaning of certain words, like fish , not in terms of
component features.
The concept of a prototype helps explain the
meaning of certain words, like fish , not in terms of
component features.

Fins
But in terms of resemblance to the clearest example. Thus, a
gold fish can be regarded as a prototype or a "good
example" of the category fish.

gold fish
whereas a Horse fish or a Lamprey is a rather "bad
example" of this category.
 PROTOTYPE
*However, prototypes may change from one society to
the other based on their usage and the things
surrounding them.

E.g:  Buffalo may not be a prototype for animals in

Arab, but a prototype of animals in VietNam
 PROTOTYPE
E.g:  Tomato is a prototype for vegetables in Viet Nam, but a
prototype for fruit in Korea.

IN VIETNAM IN KOREAN
 3.More information

The idea of a prototype is based on the concept of

commonality/similarity between or of words

Central / Prototypical Peripheral / Radial

members members
 s the key characteristics of
 expresse
a conceptual category.

Central / Prototypical
members

the least mentioned category

Peripheral / Radial were selected from
members.
members
Some examples for prototypical and peripheral :
 03
MINI GAME
Time Egg

1...... is not a hyponym for

vegetable.

Carrot Spinach Coconut Yams

Time Egg

2. Thefollowing are hyponyms

of game, except?

PUBG Annabella Candy Poker

crush
Time Egg

3. .....
is an example of a
hypernym-hyponym.

Fruit - Vegetable School- Furniture

broccoli - grapes patients - sofa
Time Egg

4. ..... is the hyponym for utensil.

Knife Book Fan Chair

Time Egg

5. .....
is the prototype of the
flowers on New Year's Day in
Vietnam?
Apricot Orchid Rose
Gerbera
blossom
Time Egg

6. ....
is the prototype of the
festivals in Vietnam.
Lunar Hung Mid-
Kings Lim
New Autumn
Temple Festival
Year Festival
Festival
Time Egg

7. .....
is the prototype of Japanese
cuisines.

Miso
Sushi Tempura Yakitori
soup
Time Egg

8.Which of the following pairs of

words features a hyponym ?

Bedroom- Beverage-
School- Classroom
Frying Orange
Hospital -Cafeteria
pans juice
Time Egg

9. Silver, Iron, Copper, Gold and

Nickle are hyponyms of which word?

Mineral Chemistry Metal Steel

Time Egg

10. ..... is not a hyponym of fish.

Flyingfish Shark Clownfish Jellyfish

II.  Identify hypernym (superordinates) of
these words.
1.Trumpet, flute, banjo, maracas
2.Pen, stapler, notebook
3.Doll, yo-yo, rubber duck
4.Trunks, cardigan, sari
KEYS:
1. musical instrument 3. toy
2. stationery 4. clothes
THANKS FOR
WATCHING <3