The nucleus

The nucleus is one

of the organelles in
the cell. It is located
near the center of
the cell. It acts as
the control center
of the cell. It
regulates the cell’s
growth and
reproduction.
Genes, chromosomes, and reproduction
Genes are the basic units of
heredity. They carry
information about a living
thing, including its traits.
Threadlike structures
called chromosomes carry
the genes.

Each chromosome is made up mainly of a

substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
The genes are short sections of DNA.
 Eg : There are 46 chromosomes in a human
being. There are 26 chromosomes in a frog
There are 24 chromosomes in a paddy plant.

When the cell makes copies of itself, the genes pass

on the cell’s traits to the new cells.
Q - Write down the differences comparatively
in-between animal and plant cells?
 Mitochondria
Mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle found
in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells. The
primary function of mitochondria is aerobic
respiratory reactions to release energy.

Mitochondria are
typically round to oval in
shape and range in size
from 0.5 to 10 μm.
The Mitochondrion

Think of the mitochondrion as the

powerhouse of the cell.

Both plant and animal cells contain

many mitochondria.

(Mitochondria is the
plural of mitochondrion)
 The Chloroplast
Think of the chloroplast as the solar panel of the plant cell.

Only plants have chloroplasts, but animals reap the

benefits too.
Golgi complex
Membrane bounded
sacs stacked on top of
the other with
associated secretory
vesicles are collectively
known as Golgi
complex.
The functions of Golgi complex is the
production of secretory substances, packaging
and secretion
Ribosome

They are small organelles without a membrane. It

is made up of a large subunit and a small subunit.
They can be found freely in the cytoplasm or
attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum. The function
of ribosome is providing place for the protein
synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum is a collection of tubes that
make, package, and transport proteins and fats.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has protein-making
ribosomes on its surface, so it helps make and
process proteins.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps make and
process lipids and helps detoxify drugs and
alcohol.
Ribosomes and the Endoplasmic Reticulum
 The Lysosome
Functions:

Digesting food or
cellular invaders
Recycling cellular
components
Cell suicide (suicide is
bad for cells, but good
for us!)
(The lysosome is not
found in plant cells)
 VACUOLE
Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They
are found in both animal and plant cells but are
much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store
food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need
to survive.

The membrane that

surrounds the vacuole is
known as tonoplast. The
fluid contained in it is
known as the cell sap.
Cellular Anatomy