S BLOCK

ELEMENTS
 NAME : DAMINI G DEOTE
 CLASS : B.Sc. 1ST YEAR
 SUBJECT : CHEMISTRY
 TOPIC : S BLOCK ELEMENTS
 COLLEGE : SANT GADGE MAHARAJ
MAHAVIDYALAYA HINGNA Dist. NAGPUR
 CONTENTS
 Electronic Configuration
 Atomic & Ionic :
Radii
 Ionization Potential & Reducing
Properties
 Importance of S block Elements in
Biological systems (2 slides)
 Diagonal Relationships of Li and Mg

 Hydrogen Bonding & its types

 ELECTRONIC
 Electronic CONFIGURATION
configuration is the arrangement of electrons:around the nucleus
of a particular atom or molecule.
 Group IA group elements (Alkali metals) have outer electronic configuration
ns1 while that of IIA group elements (Alkaline earth metals) is ns2.

IA Symb Atomic e- II A Symbol Atomic e-

Elements ol no. configuratio Elements no. configuration
n
Lithium Li 3 [He]2s1 Beryllium Be 4 [He]2s2
Sodium Na 11 [Ne]3s1 Magnesium Mg 12 [Ne]3s2

Potassium K 19 [Ar]4s1 Calcium Ca 20 [Ar]4s2

Rubidium Rb 37 [Kr]5s1 Strontium Sr 38 [Kr]5s2

Cesium Cs 55 [Xe]6s1 Barium Ba 56 [Xe]6s2

Francium Fr 87 [Rn]7s1 Radium Ra 88 [Rn]7s2
ATOMIC
 The distance of outermost electron from center of nucleus.
 RADII:
Atomic radius decreases in a period and increase in group.
 I A group elements have largest atomic radii in their corresponding
periods.
 When me move down the group from Lithium [Li] to Francium[Fr] and
from Beryllium [Be] to Radium [Ra] , the atomic radius goes on
increasing due to addition of extra shells.
 When one goes from IA to IIA elements in the same period, there is
slight decrease in atomic radius. It’s due to increase in nuclear charge.
IONIC
 The effective distance form the nucleus of the ion up to point
RADII:
of influence of nucleus.
 The trend of ionic radii is same as ATOMIC RADII. I A group
elements form MONOVALENT IONS while IIA group elements
form BIVALENT IONS.
 IONIZATION
POTENTIAL :
 The minimum energy required to
remove most loosely bound outermost
e- from an isolated gaseous atom is
called IONIZATION POTENTIAL.
 I A group elements have lowest I.P in
their corresponding periods.
 When we move down the group from Li
to Fr and from Be to Ra, the I.P goes on
decreasing due to increase in atomic
size.
 When one goes from I A to II A element
in the same period , there’s increase in
1st I.P. It’s due to increase in nuclear
charge and stability of completely filled
“ns” subshell in II A group.
 Second I.P of alkali metals are higher
than that of alkaline earth metals. This
is because, after removal of one e-, the
alkali metals get inert gas configuration.
REDUCING
PROPERTIES :
 The tendency of an element to lose
electrons is called its reducing property.
Due to this property S block elements act
as good reducing agents.
 Moving down the group from Li to Fr and
Be to Ra; Low I.P = High Reducing
Properties
 Moving left to right in periods the reducing
properties of elements decreases.
 Among, I A, Lithium has most negative
value of reducing potential while it
decreases from Na to Cs (becoming more
negative) . This is due to very small size of
Li (Lithium) and because of this there’s
higher charge density.
 Hydration energy of Li is very high due to
this it is strong reducing agent.
 In II A, as we go down the group reduction
potential decreases and its quite regular.
IMPORTANCE OF S BLOCK ELEMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
A.) I A & IIA ELEMENTS ROLE:
 Sodium cation is a major cation of extracellular fluids of
animals including humans which is known to activate some
enzymes in animal body. These ions are relatively harmless
except when present in high amounts, if present it results in
hypertension.
 Potassium ion is essential with exception of blue green
algae. It is major cation of intracellular fluids of animal cells.
It’s moderately toxic to mammals only if injected
intravenously.
 Together sodium and potassium make “Na+ - K+” pump or
commonly known as SODIUM PUMP. This pump also
maintains volume of the cell.
 Magnesium is important constitute of chlorophyll that
initiates photosynthesis. It is also required for activation of
phosphate transfer enzymes and carbohydrate metabolism.
 Mg2+and Ca2+ ions are responsible for the transmission of
electrical impulses along nerve fiber and for contraction of
muscles.
B.) CALCIUM ROLE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS:
 Development of Bones and Teeth: Ca with phosphate helps in
formation of skeletal tissues. Bones are the reservoir of Calcium.
 Muscle contraction: Ca+2 interacts with troponin to trigger
muscle contraction, also activates ATPase, increases interaction
between actin and myosin.
 Blood coagulation: Several reactions are dependent on Ca+2 for
blood clotting.
 Nerve Transmission
 Membrane integrity and permeability: Ca+2 influences
membrane structure and transport of water & several ions cross
it.
 Activation of enzymes: Activation of enzymes like Lipase,
ATPase.
 Calmodulin mediated action : Calmodulin is a calcium binding
regulatory protein. Ca-calmodulin complex activates certain
enzymes.
 Calcium as intracellular messenger and release of Hormones
 Action of heart: Ca+2 acts on myocardium and prolongs systole.
 DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP OF
 Lithium (Li) & Magnesium (Mg) have mainly similar properties and lies
Li &
Mg:
diagonally opposite to it than any other elements in same group.
 Atomic radii = Li (1.34) & Mg (1.36) are quite comparable. Ionic radii = Li+
(0.76Å) & Mg +2 (0.72Å) almost equal . Electronegativities = Li(1.00) & Mg (1.20)
are comparable.
 Li+ & Mg+2 ions have high polarizing powers. Also, Enthalpies are comparable
too. Melting points = Li (1336°C) & Mg (1100°C) both have high M.P.
 Li and Mg are harder than other elements of respective groups. Hardness of Li
is comparable with that of Mg.
 Li and Mg decompose slowly to liberate H2.
 Li and Mg combine with N2 on heating to form their iconic nitrides Li3N and
Mg3N2.
 Both Li & Mg when burnt in air or O2 forms only Monoxide Li2O and MgO
respectively. Li OH and Mg(OH)2 are less soluble in water, less basic and
decomposes on heating to form LiO2 & MgO.
 Li & Mg form there chlorides, LiCl and MgCl2 on heating with dry Cl2 which
have similar properties.
 On heating , both elements combine with carbon to form carbides.
 The salts like carbonate, fluoride and phosphate of elements are insoluble in
water while halides are soluble in organic solvent.
 HYDROGEN

BONDING :
The force of attraction which binds hydrogen atom of one molecule with the highly
electronegative atom of same or another molecule is called HYDROGEN BONDING.
 In hydrogen bonded structure of the substance, a hydrogen atom form a bridge between
two electronegative atoms. On one side, it’s attached by normal covalent bond and on
other side by hydrogen bond. The strength of hydrogen bond in about is about 1/1oth
of normal covalent bond.

TYPES:
INTERMOLECULAR H- BOND :
 The H- bond that exists between atoms of two or 
more molecules of same substance is called
INTERMOLECULAR H- BOND. E.g. : HF, H2O,
NH3, ROH etc.
INTRAMOLECULAR H- BOND:
The h- bond that exists between atoms of the
same molecule is called INTRAMOLECULAR H-
BOND. Also referred as internal H- bonding. It is
possible only if the H and more electronegative
atom are present in the same molecule. It results
in cycling of the molecule. E.g.: salicylaldehyde,
o-nitrophenol, o-chlorophenol etc.

H- bonding in salicylaldehyde :-

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 CONSEQUENCES
MELTING & BOILING OF H-
 BONDING:
The POINTS:
compound having intermolecular H bonding have high M.P and B.P. This is quite obvious because
since molecules are associated with each other, more energy is required for their separation. E.g. HF,
H2O, NH3 .
 Boiling point of HF is 19.4°C while those od HCl and HBr are -85°C and -67.1°C.
 Boiling point of water is 100 °C where those of H2S and H2Se are -59.6°C and -42 °C . Hence water
liquid at room temperature while H2S and H2Se are gases.
 Boiling point of NH3 is -33 °C while those of PH3 and AsH3 are -85°C and -55°C .
SOLUBITIES:
Compound showing the property of hydrogen bonding are highly soluble in water. Alcohols (ROH) are
soluble in water; NH3 soluble in water as these molecules form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
They can enter into associated structures of water molecules . More tendencies of formation of
hydrogen bond with water molecules, more is solubility of that compound .
VISCOSITY:
With increase in intermolecular H- bonding , association of molecules increases and hence flow if
molecules is restricted. The resistance to flow of liquid is called as VISCOSITY. Glycerol is
more viscous that glycol which is more viscous than methanol. Methanol has 1 H (-OH) group
per molecule whereas glycol has two and glycerol has three hydroxyl group per molecule. The
extent of H bonding between various glycerol molecules is much more than between ethanol
molecules. The greater extent of H bonding makes glycerol a viscous liquid.
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YOU