STOICHIOMETRY

OBJECTIVES

• Learn writing and balancing chemical equations.

• Differentiate the different types of chemical reactions.
• Explain atomic mass and average atomic mass.
• Understand the mole concept.
• Learn calculating percentage composition and empirical
formula.
STOICHIOMETRY

• Stoichiometry is the calculation of products and reactants

in a chemical reaction.

• It is derived from the Greek word “stoikhein” meaning

element and “metron” meaning measure.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

• Substances that undergo chemical reactions are

represented by chemical equation.

• Chemical equation is a representation using chemical

symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction.
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

REACTANT – the starting materials in a chemical reaction

PRODUCT – the substance formed as a result of chemical
reaction

reactant product
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

2 molecules of 1 molecule of 2 molecules

hydrogen gas (H2) oxygen gas (O2)
of water (H2O)
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) ------> 2H2O (g)

coefficient state
number of atoms
(subscript)
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

The law of conservation of mass states that no atoms can

be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Rules in Balancing Chemical Equation

1. Identify all the reactants and product; put the reactants to
the left and the products to the right.
2. Begin balancing by trying different coefficients to make the
number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the
equation.
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Rules in Balancing Chemical Equation

3. Make sure to use coefficient only. If the subscript is changed,
the identity of the substances also changes.
4. There is no need to change the coefficients of the elements
that appear only once on each side of the equation with the
same number of atoms on each side.
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Rules in Balancing Chemical Equation

5. Balance the elements that appear only once on each side of
the equation but in unequal numbers of atoms.
6. Balance the elements that appear in two or more formulas on
the same side of the equation.
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Rules in Balancing Chemical Equation

7. Check your balanced equation to be sure that you have the
same total number of each type of atoms on both sides of the
equation arrow
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

K + H2O ------> KOH + H2

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Zn + AgCl ------> ZnCl2 + Ag

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Combination Reaction or Synthesis Reaction

- two or more substances combine to form a single new
substance
A + B ------> AB

Example: Na (s) + Cl2 (g) ------> NaCl

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Combination Reaction or Synthesis Reaction

+ 
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

2. Decomposition Reaction
- a complex molecule breaks down to make simpler ones
AB ------> A + B

Example:
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

2. Decomposition Reaction

 +
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

3. Single-Replacement Reaction
- one element replaces a similar element in the compound.
AB + C ------> A + BC

Example: Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ------> ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

3. Single-Replacement Reaction

+  +
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

4. Double-Replacement Reaction
- two ionic compounds are exchanging anions and cations.
AB + CD ------> AD + CB

Example: 2KI (aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) ------> Pbl2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

4. Double-Replacement Reaction

+  +
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

5. Combustion Reaction
- a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing carbon dioxide
and water.
A + O2 ------> H2O + CO2

Example: C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) ------> H2O (g) + CO2 (g)

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

5. Combustion Reaction
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Checkpoint.
Determine the type of each chemical reaction.
1. NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
2. CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
3. 2Mg + O2  2MgO
ATOMIC MASS
ATOMIC MASS AND AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
ATOMIC MASS

ATOMIC MASS – amount of matter in the atom standardized

to carbon-12.

AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS – the average mass of all isotopes

of an element with respect to their natural abundance.
ATOMIC MASS

Example:
Determine the average atomic mass of chlorine if the
natural abundances of chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 are
75.77% and 24.23%, respectively.
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

- proposed by Amadeo Avogadro

- essential in determining the mass relationship between
atoms in a chemical reaction

6.022 x 1023 particles per mole of a substance

THE MOLE CONCEPT
THE MOLE CONCEPT

MOLE - the SI unit for quantity of a “chemical entity”

MOLAR MASS – the total mass of all the atoms in one

molecule of the substance.
THE MOLE CONCEPT

Calculate the molar mass of the following:

1. FeCl3
2. C6H12O6
3. CuSO4 • 5H2O
THE MOLE CONCEPT

Relationship among mass, mole, and molar mass:

molar mass of x = mass of x ÷ mole of x

THE MOLE CONCEPT

How many moles are there in a molecule having a molar

mass of 134.1 g/mol and a mass of 1.25 g?
THE MOLE CONCEPT

What is the mass of 3.63 moles of CO2?

THE MOLE CONCEPT

How many atoms of carbon are there in 1.5 g of carbon?

THE MOLE CONCEPT

How many atoms of carbon are there in 5 g of carbon

dioxide?
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

Percent composition is calculated from a molecular formula

by dividing the mass of a single element in one mole of a
compound by the mass of one mole of the entire
compound.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

Calculate the percentage composition of each element in

C6H12O6.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

Calculate the percentage composition of sodium in NaOH.

EMPIRICAL FORMULA
EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is composed of 40.92% carbon,

4.58% hydrogen, and 54.50 percent oxygen by mass.
Determine its empirical formula.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Determine the empirical formula of a compound having the

following percent composition by mass:
K: 24.75%
Mn: 34.77%
O: 40.51%.
STOICHIOMETRY