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Module 1 - Hydrological Cycle
Module 1 - Hydrological Cycle
Module 1 - Hydrological Cycle
S O Dulo
1
Syllabus (45 hrs)
Introduction. Hydrological cycle.
Rainfall and Rainfall data analysis.
Evaporation and transpiration: factors and methods of
computation. Infiltration and Percolation.
Runoff: factors affecting runoff, stream flow measurement
and rating curves determination.
Streamflow data analysis. Subsurface water: soil-water
relationship and measurement of soil moisture.
Determination of permeability.
Lab Experiments: Measurements of weather parameters like
precipitation, sunshine, evaporation, wind speed, calibration
of instruments.
2
Course requirements
Attendance
Course work – 10
Cats – 5
Exams – 35
3
Definition
Hydrology is the study of water of the earth
The study includes
Precipitation
Movement over land
Movement below the ground surface
Evaporation and transpiration from land, water and
plants
Condensation and reprecipitation
4
Introduction
1950-1970‘Policy
WRM is a primary engineering task to build
dams, lay pipelines, install pumps, and operate
systems
Today‘s Policy
WRM must pursue sustainable development
with measures that manage water for human
system, but at the same time protect and nuture
natural systems for the benefit of future
generations
Introduction
The Outs
Evaporation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Percolation
Runoff
Groundwater Flow
Surfacewater Flow
Well Pumping
water cycle
12/15/22 11
The Water Cycle
Powered by the Sun- Solar Power
12/15/22 12
Hydrologic Cycle is driven by the
energy from the sun-Evaporation
12/15/22 14
Hydrologic Cycle -Transpiration
Water vapor emitted from
plant leaves
Actively growing plants
transpire 5 to 10 times as
much water as they can hold at
once
These water particles then
collect and form clouds
Infiltration
Percolation
Dulo S O
19
1. Cycle Component Concepts
Standard Concepts (Physical)
Precipitation
Evaporation/Evapotranspitation
Surface Water
Groundwater
20
Hydrologic Cycle
Evaporation
Transpiration
Soil Water
Storage
determines
ground water
recharge
Basic Cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evaporation (ET)
Ocean
Infiltration runoff
Aquifer
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
22
More Detailed Cycle Components
Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
Ocean
Infiltration
Recharge runoff
Aquifer Precipitation
Evaporation/
ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
23
More Detailed Cycle Components
Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
Discharge
treated water
Soil
moisture
Extraction
Aquifer Precipitation
Salt Water Intrusion
Evaporation/
Soil moisture ET
Infiltration (Art) Return flow Surface Water
Extraction Treated water Aquifer intrusion Groundwater
24
Basic Cycle
Approximate annual hydrological budget
% mm % mm % mm
Total precipitation 100 500 - 1500 100 200 - 500 100 0 - 200
25
SW/GW relations - Humid vs Arid Zones
26
2. The ecosystem – where the water is !
BOGS
AQUIFERS
27
Precipitation – the basic water resource
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
28
Blue & Green Water – Pathways
percentages
Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).
29
3. Ground Water Considerations
Special considerations:
30
3. Ground Water Considerations
31
Waters in the past have rarely been “managed” at basin or
aquifer
3. scales.
Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?
WHY??
- Politics and power structures
- Professional & Institutional jealousy
- “Turf” - donor/funding/research/grants
- Laws (archaic and intransigent)
32
2. Watersheds – boundaries and divides ?
Country 1
Country 3
Country 2
33
3. Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?
Country 1
Country 3
Country 2
CONCLUSIONS:
1) Actively challenge non-hydrologic boundaries.
2) Ground and surface water boundaries can differ.
34
WHAT ARE OTHER COMPONENTS
IN THE CYCLE TODAY?
Soil water
Extraction schemes
Artificial recharge
Return flow
Treated water - reuse
Instrusion
35
What is weather?
Weather describes the
state of the atmosphere
at any particular time.
Weather can be
described in terms of
temperature,
precipitation (snow, rain
& hail), wind speed and
direction, visibility and
cloud amounts.
What is Climate?
Climate describes the
average weather of a
particular part of the
world at different times
of the year
In Britain we would
expect cool summers and
mild winters with
moderate rainfall
throughout the year
The Weather Station
A weather station
makes continuous
measurements of
different aspects of the
weather.
Weather stations use
standard instruments so
that their readings can
be compared.
Temperature
Temperature is recorded
using thermometers
housed inside a
Stevenson screen
Weather stations record
both air temperature and
the temperature of the
ground
Temperature: The Stevenson Screen