Multiplexing

Pablo Barrac Asi, ECE

Introduction
Multiplexing is the
transmission of information
from one or more source to
one or more destination over
the same transmission
medium.
Types of Multiplexing
 Space-Division Multiplexing
 Phase-Division Multiplexing
 Time-Division Multiplexing
 Frequency-Division Multiplexing
 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
SDM
 Anunsophisticated form of
multiplexing that simply
constitutes propagating
signals from different sources
on different cables that are
contained within the same
trench.
PDM
QPSK is a form of phase-
division multiplexing where
two data channels modulate
the same carrier frequency
that has been shifted 90˚ in
phase.
TDM
 Transmissions from multiple sources
occur on the same facility but not at
the same time.

 The fundamental building block for

most TDM systems in the United
States begins with a DS-0 channel
(digital signal level 0)
T1 Digital Carrier
A digital carrier system is a
communications system that uses
digital pulse rather than the analog
signals to encode information.

 T1 digital carrier system

◦ The North American digital multiplexing
standard
◦ T1 stands for transmission one
North American Standard

Designator DS Level Throughput (Mbps) No. of Channels

T0 DS0 0.064 1
T1 DS1 1.544 24
Fractional T1 DS1 0.064 to 1.536 24
T1C 3.152 48
T2 DS2 6.312 96
T3 DS3 44.736 672
Fractional T3 DS3 0.064 to 23.152 672
T4M DS4 274.176 4032
T5 DS5 560.160 8064
T1 carrier system
 1 mile to over 50 miles
 Uses BPRZ-AMI
 Regenerative repeaters 3000, 6000, 9000 ft
 Susceptible to losing clock synchronization
 B8ZS(binary eight zero substitution)

+-0-+000
-+0+-000
T2 Carrier System
 Uses BPRZ-AMI
 B6ZS (binary zero six substitution)
◦ 0-+0+-
◦ 0+-0-+
T3 Carrier system
 B3ZS (Binary three zero substitution
◦ 00-
◦ -0-
◦ 00+
◦ +0+
Japanese T-carrier System

Level Throughput (Mbps) No. of Channels

0 0.064 1
1 1.544 24
2 6.312 96
3 32.064 480
4 97.728 1440
5 400.352 5760
CEPT 30+2 (European Standard)
Level Throughput (Mbps) No. of Channels
1 2.048 30
2 8.448 120
3 34.368 480
4 139.264 1920
5 564.992 7680
Statistical TDM
 An efficient alternative to synchronous
TDM
 Exploits the natural breaks in
transmissions by dynamically
allocating time slots on a demand
basis.
FDM
 Multiplesources that originally
occupied the same frequency
spectrum are each converted to a
different frequency band and
transmitted simultaneously over a
single transmission medium which can
be a physical cable or the Earth’s
atmosphere.
AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy
Level No. of voice band
Basic group 12
Basic supergroup 60 (5 groups)
Basic mastergroup 600 (10 supergroups)
Jumbogroup 3600 (6 mastergroup)
Multijumbogroup 7200
Superjumbogroup 10 800 (3 Jumbogroups)
Composite Baseband Signal
 Channel carrier frequency (0 to 4 kHz)
◦ fc = 112 – 4n kHz
◦ fout = (fc – 4 kHz) to fc

Group carrier frequency (60 to 108 kHz)

fc = 372 + 48n kHz
fout = (fc – 108 kHz) to (fc – 60 kHz)

Supergroup frequency (312 to 552 kHz)

fout = (fc – 552) to (fc -312) kHz
Composite Baseband Signal
Supergroup Carrier Frequencies for a U600
Mastergroup (312 to 552 kHz)
Super group Carrier Frequency (Khz)
13 1116
14 1364
15 1612
16 1860
17 2108
18 2356
D25 2652
D26 2900
D27 3148
Composite Baseband Signal
 Supergroup Carrier Frequencies for a L600
Mastergroup (312 to 552 kHz)
Supergroup Carrier Frequency (kHz)
1 612
2 Direct
3 1116
4 1364
5 1612
6 1860
7 2108
8 2356
9 2724
CCITT’s FDM Hierarchy
Level No. of voiceband
Group 12
Supergroup 60 (5 groups)
Mastergroup 300 (5 supergroups)
Supermastergroup 900 (3 mastergroups)
WDM
 Sometimes referred to as wave-division
multiplexing
 Similar to FDM in that the idea is to send

information signals that originally occupied

the same band of frequencies through the
same fiber at the same time without their
interfering with each other.