PLUMBING

MATERIALS AND
FIXTURES
PLUMBING
MATERIALS
 WHAT IS PLUMBING?

• Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids

for a wide range of applications. Plumbing
uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks,
and other apparatuses to convey fluids.
Types of materials commonly seen in Plumbing Industry.

• PLASTIC PIPES
• COPPER TUBING
• MALLEABLE IRON PIPE
• CASTE IRON SOIL PIPE
• VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
• FIXTURES
PLASTIC PIPES
 TYPES:
• ABS (ACRYLONITRITE-BUTEDIENE-STYRENE)
• PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
• CPVC (CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
• PE (POLYETHELYNE)
ABS (ACRYLONITRITE-BUTEDIENE-STYRENE)
PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
CHLORINATED POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE
CPVC VS PVC
PE (POLYETHELYNE)
 CHARACTERISTICS:
• 1. LOW INITIAL COST
• 2. EASE OF ASSEMBLY
• 3. LIGHTWEIGHT
• 4. CORROSION RESISTANT
• 5. LOW FRICTION LOSS
• 6. FIRE RESISTANT
• 7. MAINTENANCE FEE
COPPER PIPES
 TYPES:

• K (GREEN)
• L (BLUE)
• M (RED)
• DWV (YELLOW)
 CHARACTERISTICS:
• 1. VERSATILE
• 2. VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS
• 3. WIDE RANGE OF SIZES
• 4. PROBLEM-FREE PERFORMANCE
• 5. LONG LASTING AND MAINTENACE FREE
 CHARACTERISTICS:

• 6. CORROSION RESISTANCE
• 7. HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
• 8. EASY TO JOIN AND INSTALL
• 9. AN ABUNDANT RESOURCES
MALLEABLE IRON
PIPE
MALLEABLE IRON PIPE
 USES:

• DRAIN PIPES
• HOT AND COLD SUPPLY
 CHARACTERISTICS:

• STRONG
• SUSCEPTIBLE TO RUST AND CORROSION
• MALLEABLE
CASTE IRON SOIL
PIPE
CASTE IRON SOIL PIPE
 USES:

• SANITARY AND STORM DRAIN

• WASTE AND VENT PIPING
APPLICATIONS
 CHARACTERISTICS:
• VERSATILE
• ADAPTABLE FOR USE IN ALL TYPE OF BUILDING
• LOW-COST INTALLATIONS
• CAST IRON SOIL PIPES CAN BE PREASSEMBLED
• PRODUCT READILY AVAILABLE
VITRIFIED CLAY
PIPE
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
 USES:

•SANITARY DRAINAGE
•SEWER PIPES
 CHARACTERISTICS:
• LONG LIFE EXPECTANCY
• RESISTANT TO SOLVENTS, ACID, ALKALIS, GASES,
ETC.
• LOW FRICTION COEFFICIENT
• RESISTANT TO ROOT PENETRATION
• EASY TO INSTALL
 COMMON TYPES OF FITTINGS

• ELBOWS
• COUPLINGS
• ADAPTERS
• UNION
• TEE
 COMMON TYPES OF FITTINGS

• WYE
• CROSS
• CAPS AND PLUGS
• NIPPLE
Types of Pipe Fittings
in Plumbing System
 Elbow Pipe Fittings

• Elbows are used to change the direction of flow

between two pipes. Elbows are generally
available with an angle of 22.5o, 45o and 90o. If
pipes are of same diameter then normal elbows
are used otherwise Reducer elbows are used.
 Reducer Pipe Fittings

• Reducer is a pipe fitting component

which reduces the flow size from larger
to smaller by reducing size of pipe.
Usually there are two types of reducers
are available.
 Tee type Pipe Fitting

• Tee type fitting is a component of

plumbing system which is in T-shape. It
is having one inlet and two outlets,
outlets are arranged at 90o to the main
line connection (inlet).
 Cross type

• Cross type fittings contains 4

opening in 4 directions. These are
connected when there are 4 pipes are
meeting at a point.
 Coupling

• A coupling is used to connect the pipes

of same diameter. Coupling are also
useful if the pipe is broken or leakage
occurs. There are two types of couplings
are available.
 Unions

• Union is a type of fitting, which

functions as similar to coupling. But
coupling cannot be removed after fixing
but in this case, we can remove the
union whenever we needed.
 Adaptors

• If the pipes are not having special ends or

plain ends then adaptors make them
threaded either male or female whichever is
needed. Adopters are generally used for
copper and PVC pipes.
 Olet

•Olets are used when there is

standard sizes of fittings are not
suitable for our requirement.
 Some important types of olets are:

• Butt-Weldolet
• Socket weld Olet
• Threaded olet
• Elbow olet
 Some important types of olets are:

• Nipple olet
• Lateral olet
• Sweepolet
• Flange ole
 Plug

• Plug is a component of plumbing

component which is generally used to
close pipe opening during inspections
and repairs. Plug are generally contains
male threads.
 Cap

• Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function

is same as plug but the only difference is
plug contain male threads and cap contain
female threads which is screws on the male
thread of pipe.
 Valves in Pipe Fittings

• Valves are components of plumbing

system which are used to stop or
regulate flow of fluid in its path.
Some important types of valves and its applications are listed below.

• Gate valve, plug valve and Ball valve – used for isolation only
• Globe valve – used for throttling
• Check valve – used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)
• Butterfly valve – used for isolation as well as throttling
• Diaphragm valve – used for isolation as well as throttling
PLUMBING
FIXTURE
 PLUMBING FIXTURE

• Is any device that is connected to a

plumbing system and interacts with water
(whether it be delivering the water or
draining it).
 The Most Common Fixtures in a
Household: Bathtubs
• A bathtub is a large container that is filled with warm
or hot water and allows a person to bathe while fully
immersed in the water. Modern bathtubs are made
from fiberglass and acrylic, but more expensive and
often more durable baths are made from enamel, cast
iron, steel and for the opulent waterproof wood.
Western and Eastern
Style Bathtubs
 Western-style bathtubs

• These are the modern tubs that are in the

majority of households. They are long and
generally fairly thin and allow the bather to be
fully immersed.
 Eastern-style Bathtubs:

• Shorter and deeper than the western

tub thus allowing for the person to
bathe standing up.
Claw-foot tub:
 Claw-foot tub:

• This late 19th century luxury item is the

predecessor of the modern tub. While antique
claw-foot tubs are made of cast iron, the
modern claw-foot tubs are made from modern
materials such as acrylic and thus are less
expensive.
Whirlpool Tubs:
 Whirlpool Tubs:

• These are often designed for two people

and incorporate nozzles that force air (or
sometimes water) out to provide a
relaxing massage.
Hot Tubs
 Hot Tubs

• Essentially, a hot tub is a very large bath

for up to 8 people. It is usually installed
outside and keeps the water at a constant
temperature (usually around 98 degrees
Fahrenheit).
 Sinks: Kitchen,
Bathroom, and Utility
 Sinks
• A sink is a bowl shaped plumbing
fixture that is usually used for
washing hands, dishes and other
small objects.
 Self-rimming sinks:

• These are often used in kitchens

and sit in a ‘hole’ that is cut into
the countertop.
 Bottom-mount sinks:

• These sinks are clamped underneath

the countertop; the hole, therefore,
must have a finished edge.
 Solid surface sinks:

• Modern methods allow sinks to be made in the

same material as the countertop and glued
underneath, providing a seamless connect
between top and sink; some of these come in
stainless steel and these are welded in place.
 Butler sink:

• These are generally seen in bathrooms

and consist of a rectangular sink with
a rounded rim that is set into a wooden
cabinet or wooden surface.
 Stand-alone sink:

• These sinks are finished on all sides and

usually the sink is mounted on a ‘leg’ or
piece of furniture. These are the most
adaptable sinks and allow for a huge
variety of design.
Toilets
 Toilets
• A toilet is probably the most important plumbing
fixture of them all unless you love nature and enjoy
spending your time in the woods! The modern toilet
has a flush system that moves waste to a septic tank
or a community sewerage system.
 Flush toilet:

• This is simply a ‘squat’ toilet that

allows you to sit while you ‘go’ and
then flushes the waste. Modern toilets
have flush systems designed to reduce
water waste.
 Urinals:

• These are designed to allow a man to

stand and ‘pee’ – they are not
normally installed in homes, but are
more common at public conveniences.
 Dry toilets:

• These are often used as portable toilets at

rock concerts, constructions sites etc.
They are used where there is no access to
water – the idea is simple – all waste goes
into a large ‘pit’ via a ‘hole’.
 High tech toilets:

• The modern new fangled toilets are

auto-flushing, often auto-cleaning and
sometimes even provide a water jet
that will ‘clean’ your bits (similar to a
bidet).
Showers
 Showers

• The standard shower has remained

mostly unchanged since the late 19th
century. A shower is a simple plumbing
fixture that uses a nozzle to stream hot (or
cold) water over a standing person.
 Water shower:

• The standard shower common to

most households showers the
person using one (or more
nozzles).
 Electric shower:

• Similar to the water shower, this

uses an ‘on-demand’ heating
system to provide an instant hot
shower.
 Air shower:

• Not common in households, this

shower uses a pressurized air stream
to blow of excess dust from people –
this is used in ‘clean room’
environments mostly.
 Steam shower:

•An expensive version of the

water shower that streams
humidifies steam around a
person’s body.
 Bucket shower:

•An outside shower that simply

allows cold water to stream out
of a small hole from a bucket.
 Beach shower:

• Usually a simple faucet that allows

cold water to be streamed over a
person to assist in washing sand away.
Faucets, Spigots, and
Taps
 Faucets, Spigots, and Taps

• The tap is a plumbing fixture that has

many uses within and outside the
household. Essentially a valve, it is used
to control the flow of water (and other
substances such as beer, gas etc).
 Water taps:

• These allow a user to pour hot and

cold water into the sink or bath. They
come in a variety of shapes and sizes,
and some are even electrically
controlled.
 Valves:

• Often there will be a tap that allows

someone to shut of the entire water
flow – this is an important part of
home plumbing.
 Water spigot:

• These are generally external taps that

allow you to attach a hose pipe to them—
the piping is usually inside so that the
adverse weather doesn’t freeze the water
in the pipes causing cracks and leaks.
 Other taps:

• You will find taps on beer barrels and gas

fixtures. These taps are essentially the
same as water taps, and control the flow
of the liquid or gas using the same
principle.
 Bidets:

• This is a fixture that is prevalent in

many European hotels. It is used
to assist in hygiene after going to
the bathroom.
 Drinking Fountains:

• These are prevalent at malls and areas where

there are likely to be large crowds. The
provide cool drinking water. Pressing a small
button pumps a small spout of water into the
air to allow you to bend down and drink.
 Other valves:

• While a tap is considered a valve, there are

many other valves used in pipe fitting.
Generally, when a valve is open, water will
flow from high to low pressure.