MATH213

ENGINEERING DATA
ANALYSIS
By: ENGR. MARIA YSABELLA MOSCOSO
1 JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
What Is a Joint Probability?
- Joint probability is a statistical measure that calculates the likelihood
of two events occurring together and at the same point in time. Joint
probability is the probability of event Y occurring at the same time that
event X occurs.

Formula
P (X⋂Y)
where:
X,Y =Two different events that intersect
P(X and Y),P(XY)=The joint probability of X and Y​
1 JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
The symbol “∩” in a joint probability is called an intersection. The
probability of event X and event Y happening is the same thing as the point
where X and Y intersect. Hence, the joint probability is also called the
intersection of two or more events. We can represent this relation using a
Venn diagram as shown below.

X Y

X Y
1 JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Joint probability is a measure of two events happening at the same

time, and can only be applied to situations where more than one
observation can occur at the same time. 
1 JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
EXAMPLES

1. Find the probability that the number three will occur

twice when two dice are rolled at the same time.
2.  From a deck of 52 cards, What is the joint
probability of picking up a card that is both 6 and
red?
1 JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

From the Venn above, the point where both circles overlap is the
intersection, which has two observations: the six of hearts and the six
of diamonds.
1 JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
EXAMPLES

3. Suppose one has a box of ten balls – four are white, three are red, and three are
black. One selects five balls out of the box without replacement and counts the
number of white and red balls in the sample. What is the probability one observes
two white and two red balls in the sample?
4. This table can be used to find the probabilities of
events. Find the probability of X = 3 and Y = 3.
 1 MARGINALPROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
What Is a Marginal Probability?
A marginal distribution is a distribution of values for one variable that
ignores a more extensive set of related variables in a dataset.
How to Find Marginal Distribution?
It’s easiest to understand and find marginal distributions using a two-way
contingency table. In fact, the origin of the term originates from these
tables.

GENDER PC MAC ROW TOTAL

MALE 66 40
FEMALE 30 87
COLUMN
TOTAL
 1 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
What Is a Conditional Probability?
-Conditional probability is defined as the likelihood of an event or
outcome occurring, based on the occurrence of a previous event or
outcome. Conditional probability is calculated by multiplying the 
probability of the preceding event by the updated probability of the
succeeding, or conditional, event.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
 Conditional probability refers to the chances that some outcome occurs given that
another event has also occurred.
• It is often stated as the probability of B given A and is written as P(B|A), where the
probability of B depends on that of A happening.
 1 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
What is Conditional Probability Formula

P(B|A) = P(A and B) / P(A)

Or
P(B|A) = P(A∩B) / P(A)
where:
P = Probability
A = Event A
B = Event B
 1 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
EXAMPLES

1. An experiment consists of observing the sum of the die when two fair
dice are thrown. If the two fair dice are thrown behind you, and then you
are informed that the sum is not greater than 3, find the probability of the
event that two faces are the same.
2. In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown hair , 26% have brown
eyes, and 16% have both brown hair and brown eyes.
a. If she has brown hair, what is the probability that she also has
brown eyes?
b. If she has brown eyes, what is the probability that she does not
have brown hair?