Assignment

(Ecosystem and their management)

ECOSYSTEM:-
An Ecosystem is made up of community
of living organisms, non-living things and
the interaction amongst them. It was
firstly defined by A.G Transley in 1935.
He defined Ecosystem as “ a system
formed by the interaction of living
organisms and non-living things”.
Components of Ecosystem:-

An Ecosystem consist of two major components:-

1. Biotic components:- it includes all living

organisms Such as plants, animals and
microorganisms.
2. Abiotic components:- these includes all non-
living things such as water, Air and soil.
 Types of Ecosystem:-

There are two types of Ecosystem:-

1. Natural ecosystem (This type of Ecosystem is formed
naturally, not by humans. This may be
 Terrestrial (grassland, forests etc)
 Aquatic ( oceanic ecosystem)

1. Artificial ecosystem:-
This is human made ecosystem like ponds.
Types of Ecosystem:-
Ecosystem management:-

Ecosystem management is a process that aims to conserve major ecological

services and restore natural resources while meeting the socio-economic,
political and cultural values and needs of current and future generations.
The principal objective of Ecosystem management is the efficient maintenance
and ethical use of natural resources. Many peoples and organisations defined
Ecosystem management. The following examples represent the cross-section of
definition.
 “Regulating internal ecosystem structure and function of the Ecosystem plus
inputs and outputs to achieve socially desirable conditions” (Agee and
Johnson 1987).
 “A strategy or plan to manage ecosystem for all
organisms not for a single individual” ( Forest
ecosystem management assessment team 1993).
 “ A resource management system designed to
maintain or enhance ecosystem health and
productivity while producing essential
commodities and other values to meet human
needs and desires within the limit of socially,
biologically and economically acceptable risk”.
(American forest paper association and Forest
resources board 1993).
 Ways of Ecosystem management:-
There are following ways of Ecosystem management:-
 Consideration of connection between different levels of biodiversity
(gene, species, population)
 Acceptance of human society as part of the Ecosystem,
consideration of current requirements for maintenance of an
environment In order to meet future needs.
 Consideration of appropriate time scale; adoptation of long –term
planning.
 Conserving the habitat of living organisms through afforestation,
reforestation and biosphere reserves.
 Switch to organic farming.
 Limit the human population.
 Use of less polluting fuels like CNG, hydrogen fuel.
 Encourage renewable resources for energy like solar, hydel, wind etc.
 Encouragethe research on the
development of eco-friendly technologies
and green chemical.
 Promotion
of interagency coordination and
communication with society.
 Settlement of policies, and laws for
controlling hunting process.
 Knowledge about social, economic and
cultural values of biodiversity.
Complementary starategies for
Ecosystem management;-
1. Political commitments; There must be sense of urgency to raise the
profile of Ecosystem in climate change and sustainable policy
setting at local, national and international levels.
2. Investment;- There must be explicit inclusion of investment
related to ecosystem management and ecosystem protection,
especially as part of global climate change Fund. The scale of
investment must be commensurate with the value of Ecosystem
services.
3. Informations:- There must be solid commitment to establish
comprehensive information programmes, and foster closer links
between Ecosystem management and climate change, as well as
social, economical and cultural levels. In addition there must be
increased in information between countries.
4. Support research and actions on ;-
Climate-ecosystem interaction
Ecosystem processes and functions
Increasing our understanding Of the complex
inter-relations between society and
ecosystem
Economic and cultural values of biodiversity.
 Management Based On Conservation:-

There are two methods based on conservation. These are

1. In-situ conservation:- ( In this method species are
conserved in their original habitats from where they
belongs by creating biosphere reserves, National parks
and wildlife sanctuaries)
2. Ex-situ conservation:- (It is the technique of conservation
of all levels of biodiversity Outside of their natural
habitat through different techniques like zoos, gene
pool, botanical gardens and aquarium etc.
Laal suhanra national park:-
Wildlife sanctuaries:-
Determination of Success and failure of
Ecosystem management:-
We can determine the success and failure of Ecosystem
management system with checking following points;-
1. If the diversity of species of an ecosystem which are
near to extinction is increased then our Ecosystem
management system will be successful.
2. If the diversity of species of Ecosystem does not increase
it means that our Ecosystem management system is not
successful or fail.