Week 8 – Day 1 and 2

KINESIOLOGY 122
Motivation

Kinesiology 122
 Objectives
• Introduce motivation
• Differentiate between different types &
sources of motivation
• Present the three approaches to
behavioural change

Kinesiology 122
 Motivation
Motivation = describes the internal/external forces
that produce the initiation, direction,
& persistence of behaviour (Vallerand & Thill, 1993)
• 3 important components
1. Direction of effort (where ur going)
• Situations that are sought out
2. Intensity of effort
• Amount of effort put forth
3. Persistence (either quit, or continue)
• Maintaining intensity of effort over time
• Critical during obstacles

Kinesiology 122 Paskevich et al., 2007

 We seek to understand why individuals
persist in intensity and direction
(i.e. what motivates them)

What motivates you?

Kinesiology 122
 Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation
– Engaging in behaviours because of
interest & enjoyment
– A powerful motivator

• Extrinsic Motivation
– Engaging in behaviours to attain
rewards or outcomes that lie outside
the activity itself
– Extensive in sport

Kinesiology 122 Paskevich et al., 2007

 Where does Motivation Come from?
• Views of motivation
– Trait-centered view
• What athletes bring to the situation
• Individual characteristics
– Situation-centered view
• Environmental factors are critical
• coach feedback, training conditions, playing at home vs. on
the road, weather condition, extrinsic rewards
– Interaction-centered view
• Interaction between personal & environmental factors*

Kinesiology 122 Paskevich et al., 2007

 Approaches to Understanding Motivation for
Behavioural Change

1. Behavioural Approaches

2. Cognitive Approaches

3. Cognitive-behavioural Approaches

Kinesiology 122
 Approaches to Understanding
Motivation for Behavioural Change

1.Behavioural Approaches
– Fathers of behaviourism: Watson & Skinner
– Focuses on conditioning
– Learning from the environment determines
people’s actions
• operant conditioning, vicarious conditioning, and
operant strategies

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

 1. Behavioural Approaches

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

 1. Behavioural Approaches

b) Vicarious conditioning
• Results from observing others
• Outcomes must be valued by the individual

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

 1. Behavioural Approaches

c) Operant strategies
• Effective strategies for developing &
maintaining skills
• Example: self-monitoring
– Recording your own behaviour
in specific situations

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

 Recall: Motivation
Sheldon giving Penny chocolates to further
encourage correct behaviour (e.g., clearing
plates) is an example of what?

1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Punishment
4. I want some chocolate!

Kinesiology 122
 Recall: Motivation
Which of the following is NOT 1 of the
views of motivation?

1. Trait-centered view
2. Interaction-centered view
3. Extrinsic-centered view
4. Situation-centered view

Kinesiology 122
 Recall: Motivation
The behavioural approach to understanding
motivation for behaviour change includes
operant conditioning, operant strategies,
and…?

1. Cognitive-behavioural conditioning
2. Vicarious conditioning
3. Attribution strategies
4. Efficacy strategies

Kinesiology 122
 Approaches to Understanding
Motivation for Behavioural Change

1. Behavioural Approaches

2. Cognitive Approaches

3. Cognitive-behavioural Approaches

Kinesiology 122
 Approaches to Understanding
Motivation for Behavioural Change
2. Cognitive Approaches
– Father of cognitive approach: Aaron Beck
– Emphasizes thought patterns & cognitive habits as
causes of behaviour
– Individual’s interpretation of external
environment has powerful influence on behaviour
– Internal mechanisms (e.g., thought processes,
core beliefs) can be altered
– Teaches people to use rational thought & logic

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

 2. Cognitive Approaches

a) Attribution Theory
• Focuses on how individuals explain success & failure
• Explanations directly affect motivation
• Outcomes can be attributed to ability, task difficulty, effort, &
luck; specifically, outcomes categorized as:

Internal (personal force) - ability & effort

Locus of
Control External (environmental force) - task difficulty & luck
Stable (relatively enduring) – ability & task difficulty (might
Stability change over a long period of time)
Unstable (changes over time) – effort & luck
Kinesiology 122 Paskevich et al., 2007; Weiner et al., 1971
 Classification Scheme for Attribution Theory
Locus of Control
Internal External
Stable
Ability Task Difficulty
Stability
Unstable

Effort Luck

Stable attributions: relatively Internal attributions: perceived as

unchanging (ability & task difficulty) controllable (ability & effort)
Unstable attributions: vary External attributions: perceived as
markedly from time to time (effort & outside one’s control (task difficulty
luck) & luck)
Kinesiology 122 Klavora et al., 2010, Paskevich et al., 2007; Weiner et al., 1971
 Causal Attributions, Future
Expectations, and Motivation
• Whenever an outcome is different than what was
expected based on past experience, the athlete
tends to endorse an unstable attribution (e.g.,
effort or luck)

• When an outcome is expected, based on past

performances, a stable attribution (e.g., ability or
task difficulty) is endorsed

Klavora (2010) 19
Kinesiology 122
 Affective Responses Associated with
Casual Attributions

Greatest Effort
affect
Ability
Task Difficulty
Internal Luck
Attribution

External Lowest
affect
Attribution
Klavora (2010) 20
Kinesiology 122
 Implications
• Before competition the athlete should be
encouraged to focus on effort versus ability
– Both effort and ability are within athlete’s control, but
effort is unstable from game to game

Klavora, 2010 21
Kinesiology 122
 Implications

22
Kinesiology 122
 Implications

Kinesiology 122
 2. Cognitive Approaches

b) Social Cognitive Theory

• Key figure is Albert Bandura
• Describes the factors that affect & determine
behaviour
• Rooted in the belief that individuals are
proactively engaged in their development
• Motivation is an interplay of personal,
behavioural, & environmental influences

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

 Motivation = Dynamic Interplay of Social
Cognitive Theory

Kinesiology 122 Bandura, 1997

 2. Cognitive Approaches

b) Social Cognitive Theory

• Key component is self-efficacy:
“Beliefs in one’s capabilities to My self-efficacy is
organize & execute the courses off the hook!
of action required to produce given
attainments” (Bandura, 1997)
– Situation-specific form of self-
confidence
• E.g., exercise self-efficacy

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011; Paskevich et al., 2007

 2. Cognitive Approaches

c) Self-determination Theory
• Key Figures are Edward Deci
& Richard Ryan
• Focuses on the extent to
which behaviours are
undertaken from an
individual’s own choice vs.
controlled by something
external

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

Self-determination Theory’s Motivational Continuum

on
a ti
v
oti
Am
Self-determination

= the absence of motivation

Kinesiology 122 Wilson et al., 2006

Self-determination Theory’s Motivational Continuum

o n
lati
n gu
ti o R e
va a l
oti rn
m t e
A Ex
Self-determination
= a type of extrinsic motivation
= the activity is done to fulfill some
external contingency or demand
e.g. pleasing another person such as a coach or parent, or winning a trophy

Kinesiology 122 Wilson et al., 2006

Self-determination Theory’s Motivational Continuum

on
o n ti la
ati gu
u l e
n e g R
ti o R e d
a a l c t
ti v rn je
o t e t r o
Am Ex In
Self-determination
= a type of extrinsic motivation
= the activity is done to avoid negative
emotions, enhance positive emotions, or
maintain self-worth

Kinesiology 122 Wilson et al., 2006

Self-determination Theory’s Motivational Continuum

on n
n tia ti o
ti o u l la
la e g g u
n gu R R e
ti o R e e d d
a a l c t fie
ti v rn je ti
o t e t r o e n
Am E x In I d
Self-determination
= a type of extrinsic motivation
= the activity is linked to important goals
that stem from participant in the activity
e.g. an athlete might train hard because she realizes how important practice is to
improved performance, even though she doesn’t like training

Kinesiology 122 Wilson et al., 2006

Self-determination Theory’s Motivational Continuum

n n
n ti
a
o on
ti ti o
ti o u l la ula
la e g g u g
g u R e Re
on e d R d
ti l R te ed te
va a ec fi ra
ti rn o j n ti g
o t e t r e t e
Am E x I n I d I n
Self-determination
= a type of extrinsic motivation
= the activity is symbolic of the individual’s
identity

Kinesiology 122 Wilson et al., 2006

Self-determination Theory’s Motivational Continuum

n n
n ati o on
ti ti o
on
ti o u l la u la a ti
la e g g u g ul
gu R e R e g
on e d R d R e
ti l R te ed te ic
va a ec fi ra s
ti rn o j nti g rin
o t e t r e t e nt
Am Ex In Id In I
Self-determination

= the activity is inherently satisfying,

enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, self-
rewarding

Kinesiology 122 Wilson et al., 2006

 Quiz Time!
The dimensions of Attribution Theory are:

A. Self-efficacy & goal-setting.

B. Goal-setting & locus of control.
C. Locus of control & stability.
D. Stability & self-efficacy.

Kinesiology 122
 Quiz Time!
Running makes me feel happy & better
about myself. My running is driven by:

A. Intrinsic motivation
B. Amotivation
C. External motivation
D. Introjected motivation

Kinesiology 122
 Approaches to Understanding
Motivation for Behavioural Change
1. Behavioural Approaches

2. Cognitive Approaches

3. Cognitive-behavioural Approaches

Kinesiology 122
 Approaches to Understanding
Motivation for Behavioural Change
3. Cognitive-behavioural Approaches
– Father of cognitive-behavioural approach:
Donald Meichenbaum
– Based on 2 central tenets:
1. Our cognitions influence our emotions &
behaviour
2. Our behaviour can affect our thoughts & emotions

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011

 Approaches to Understanding
Motivation for Behavioural Change
3. Cognitive-behavioural Approaches
– Examples:
a) Goal setting
– Identify what an individual would like to work
toward
– SMART principle

Specific, Measurable, Adjustable, Realistic, Timely

Kinesiology 122 Dawson et al., 2011; Mack et al., 2011

 Approaches to Understanding
Motivation for Behavioural Change
3. Cognitive-behavioural Approaches
– Examples:
b) Feedback
– Allows individuals to learn what they’re
doing correctly &/or incorrectly
– Provides a benchmark for future
performance
– Serves as reinforcement

Kinesiology 122 Mack et al., 2011; Weinberg & Gould, 1999

 Quiz Time!
Which cognitive approach to behavioural change
focuses on the extent to which behaviours are done
volitionally versus controlled by an external source?
A. Self-determination
Theory
B. Social Cognitive Theory
C. Goal Setting
D. Vicarious Conditioning

Kinesiology 122
 Truth or Myth?
Motivation is a trait, you either have it or
you don’t.

1. Truth
2. Myth
3. What is
motivation…?

Kinesiology 122
 Approaches to Understanding Motivation for
Behavioural Change
1. Behavioural Approaches
a. Operant conditioning (+/- reinforcement, punishment)
b. Vicarious conditioning (enjoy and get motivated by what others are doing by seeing)
c. Operant strategies (journaling, recording)
2. Cognitive Approaches
a. Attribution Theory
b. Social Cognitive Theory (Self efficacy) (engaging in activities they feel will be successful
at)
c. Self-determination Theory (continuem)
3. Cognitive-behavioural Approaches
a. Goal setting
b. Feedback

Kinesiology 122
 You Should be Able to:
• Define: The 3 components of motivation
• Recognize: Examples of intrinsic & extrinsic motivation
• Explain: The differences between the 3 general
approaches to motivation for behavioural change
• Identify: Examples/theories/concepts of each approach
to motivation
• Application: Each of the motivational approaches for
behavioural change to understand an individual’s
motivation

Kinesiology 122