Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. Elements are the simplest substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. Heterogeneous mixtures have visible particles that do not dissolve evenly throughout, while homogeneous mixtures appear uniform because particles dissolve evenly at a molecular level. Solutions are an example of homogeneous mixtures where a solute dissolves evenly in a solvent.
Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. Elements are the simplest substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. Heterogeneous mixtures have visible particles that do not dissolve evenly throughout, while homogeneous mixtures appear uniform because particles dissolve evenly at a molecular level. Solutions are an example of homogeneous mixtures where a solute dissolves evenly in a solvent.
Pure substances can be either elements or compounds. Elements are the simplest substances made of only one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. Heterogeneous mixtures have visible particles that do not dissolve evenly throughout, while homogeneous mixtures appear uniform because particles dissolve evenly at a molecular level. Solutions are an example of homogeneous mixtures where a solute dissolves evenly in a solvent.
HETEROGENOUS HOMOGENOUS ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS MIXTURES MIXTURES
Elements are the Compounds are All components of Homogeneous
simplest pure pure substances the mixture are mixtures substances. that are made of visible because they Components cannot Examples: more than one do not mix together be distinguished •O-Oxygen element bound Particles not from each other, •H- Hydrogen together. distributed evenly appear as one •Na- Sodium Examples: substance •C- Carbon •H2O and CO2 EX: sand and water Particles distributed •Fe- Iron vegetable soup evenly throughout •Pb- Lead A molecule is oil and water The smallest formed when two EX: air, salt water, particle of an or more atoms 10 karat gold element that has chemically the properties of combine. *SOLUTIONS that element is an atom. Heterogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures All components of the Components cannot be
mixture are visible distinguished from each
because they do not mix other, appear as one substance together Particles distributed Particles not evenly throughout distributed evenly EX: air, salt water, 10 EX: trail mix, karat gold vegetable soup, oil and water Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions. Separateparticles are not visible because one dissolves in the other = dissolution In salt water, ◦ salt is the solute, gets dissolved Smaller quantity
◦ water is the solvent, dissolves
other substance Larger quantity Q. Why do some substances dissolve and others do not? A. In a solute, each particle is attracted to each other to form a grain of it. When the solute is placed in a water, new attractive forces are present. If the attractive forces between the water and the solute are stronger than those holding the solute together, then the solute will break down and get dissolved in the water. Because different amounts of solute can be dissolved in a solvent, we look at a solution’s SOLUBILITY. SOLUBILITY Definition:The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature. Usually expressed as the number of grams of solute per 100mL of solvent. Everychemical substance which dissolves in water has a fixed solubility. ◦ If it does not dissolve, solubility = zero.
Many of these solublities
have been measured and special charts are produced displaying solubility of many substances at once. o Saturated: Maximum amount of solute dissolved in solvent o Unsaturated: Less than maximum amount of solute dissolved in solvent o Supersaturated: More than maximum amount of solute dissolved in solvent o Dilute: to make less concentrated 1. Sedimentation: occurs 3. Filtration: separates parts of naturally when solid a heterogeneous mixture by substances that are heavier pouring it though a filter, the than their solvent deposit at larger particles (residue) will be the bottom of the mixture. held in the filter while the smaller ones (filtrate) will pass through. EX: Water treatment EX: Brita
2. Decantation: a 4. Distillation: used to separate
heterogeneous mixture that components of a homogeneous has distinct layers can be mixture based on their different separated by slowly pouring boiling points. Solution is heated one of the layers into another and substance with lower boiling container. points evaporates and passes EX: Separating cream from through a tube where it cools and milk turns back to water in another container.