TAYLOR’S SERIES-

UNIVERSAL USES

BY:
ANUNAY GANDHI – I007 - 70412200015
KRISH SHARMA – I023 - 70412200022
TAYLOR’S SERIES
• The concept of Taylor series was formulated by
the Scottish mathematician James Gregory and
formally introduced by the English mathematician
Brook Taylor in 1715.
• Taylor series or Taylor expansion of a function is
an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in
terms of the function's derivatives at a single
point.
• For most common functions, the function and the
Brook Taylor
sum of it’s Taylor series are equal near this point. 1685-1731
 FORMULA
• Taylor series can be used to prove a multitude of identities, including the famous Euler's formula. We can use
them to approximate nasty integrals to whatever degree of accuracy we wish. We use them in the study of
differential equations to approximate solutions to a given relation.
• Assume that if f(x) be a real or composite function, which is a differentiable function of a neighbourhood
number that is also real or composite. Then, the Taylor series describes the following power series :

• In terms of sigma notation, the Taylor series can be written as:

Where:
f(n) (a) = nth derivative of f
n! = factorial of n.
EXAMPLE:

Taylor series of Sin x

f(x) = sin x 
f’(x) = cos x
f’’(x) = -sin x
f’’’(x) = -cos x
f’’’’(x) = sin x….
The Taylor series for sinx at x = 0, is given by:
IMPORTANCE
• The Taylor series can be used to calculate the value
of an entire function at every point, if the value of
the function, and of all of its derivatives, are known
at a single point.

• Probably the most important application of Taylor

series is to use their partial sums to approximate
functions. These partial sums are (finite)
polynomials and are easy to compute. We call them
Taylor polynomials.
• Taylor’s series:-
Can also be used to prove a multitude of
identities, including the famous Euler's
formula. We can use them to approximate
nasty integrals to whatever degree of
accuracy we wish. We use them in the
study of differential equations to
approximate solutions to a given relation.
WHAT IS EULER’S FORMULA? AND WHAT IS IT
USED FOR?

• Euler's formula in geometry is used

for determining the relation between
the faces and vertices of polyhedra.
And in trigonometry, Euler's formula is
used for tracing the unit circle.
REAL LIFE IMPLICATIONS
• One use of Taylor’s series is that we can approximate solutions to differential equations
this way: For example, if we have

• To solve this for y would be difficult, if at all possible. But by representing y as a Taylor
series , we can shuffle things around and determine the coefficients of this Taylor
series, allowing us to approximate the solution around a desired point.
• It's also useful for determining various infinite sums. For example:
 APPLICATIONS IN PHYSICS

• If a system under a conservative force one

with an energy function associated with it,
like gravity or electrostatic force) is at a
stable equilibrium point x0, then there are
no net forces.
• The energy function is concave upwards
(the energy being higher on either side is
essentially what makes it stable).
• In terms of Taylor’s series, the energy
function U centered around this point is of
the form
APPLICATIONS IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
• In computer graphics, pi and
trigonometric functions play a big part in
rendering and sizing objects.
• The values used in computer graphics are
not stored numbers, but calculated by the
computer using calculus.
• Thus, programmers compute the value of
pi and trigonometric functions using
Taylor’s series.
• The Taylor series gives us methods to
approximate around regions of interest. And
how exactly does this benefit computer
science?
• The ability to estimate well is already
essential to programming. If only a certain
amount of precision is needed, it is often
faster to take an approximation than to make
some sort of full calculation and Taylor
polynomials give a standard way of making
such approximations.
CONCLUSION
• Taylor’s series have numerous applications in physics, relativity and is one of the most
important results in calculus.
• Taylor series expansion is an awesome concept, not only the world of mathematics, but also in
optimization theory, function approximation and machine learning.
• It is widely applied in numerical computations when estimates of a function’s values at
different points are required.
REFERENCES

• https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series
• https://
math.stackexchange.com/questions/218421/what-are-the-practical-applications-of-the-tay
lor-series
• https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/205505/why-do-we-need-taylor-polynomials
• http://shell.cas.usf.edu/math/mug/0477.htm