STATS RELATED

WORDS
 Descriptive Statistics

❑ Totality of the methods and treatments employed

in the collection, description, and analysis of
numerical data.

❑ The purpose of this is to tell something about the

particular group of observation.
 Inferential Statistics

❑ Logical process from sample analysis to a

generalization or conclusion about a
population. It is also called statistical
inference or inductive statistics.
 Population vs. Sample

Population
▪ Consists of all the members of the group about
which you want to draw a conclusion.

Sample
▪ A portion, or part, of the population of interest
selected for analysis.
 Parameter vs. Statistics

Parameter
▪ Numerical index describing a characteristics of
a population.

Statistics
▪ Numerical index describing a describing a
characteristics of a sample.
 Sources of Data

▪ Primary data
Data that come from an original source.

▪ Secondary data
Data that are taken from previously recorded data,
such as information in research conducted.

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 Types of Data
▪ Qualitative Variable
A variable that is conceptualized and analyzed as distinct
categories, with no continuum implied. It is also called
categorical variable.
 
▪ Quantitative Variable
A variable that is conceptualized and analyzed along a
continuum implied. It is also termed as numerical variable.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

I. Experimental Classification

▪ Independent Variables
Controlled by the researcher that are expected to have an effect on
behavior of subjects. It is also called explanatory variable.

▪ Dependent Variable
Some measure of the behavior of subjects and expected to be influenced
by the independent variable. It is also known as outcome variable.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

II. Mathematical Classification

▪ Continuous Variable
A variable which can assume any of infinite number of values, and can
be associated with points on a continuous line interval.
Example: height, weight, volume, etc.

▪ Discrete Variable
A variable which consist of either a finite number of values or
countable number of values.
Example: gender, courses, Olympics games, etc.

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 Levels of Measurement

▪ Nominal
Used to differentiate classes or categories for purely classification
or identification purposes.
Examples: sex, marital status, type of blood, etc.

▪ Ordinal
It is used in ranking.
Example: hotel ratings, student grades, product satisfaction, class
designation, etc.

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 Levels of Measurement

▪ Interval
Used to differentiate between classes or categories in terms of
degrees of differences.
Example: temperature ºC or ºF, Calendar time

▪ Ratio
In this level, data such as scores can be expressed as ratio. In ratio
level, zero (0) has an actual or true value.  
Examples: mass, weight, length, money

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 Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?

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