CIRCUIT THEORY

Two Port Networks

 TWO PORT NETWORKS

 Electric Network: Interconnection of two or more simple circuit elements form

an Electrical Network.
 Port: A pair of terminals at which a signal leave / enter a network. Two
terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential
requirement known as the port condition: the electric current entering one
terminal must equal the current emerging from the other terminal on the same
port.
 The ports constitute interfaces where the network connects to other networks,
the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken.
 One Port Network: A network having only 01 pair of terminals.
 No connections made to any other node internal to the one-port.
 The currents in the 02 leads making up each port are always equal.
 Two port networks

 The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to isolate

portions of larger circuits.
 A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties specified by a matrix of
numbers.
 This allows the response of the network to signals applied to the ports to be calculated
easily, without solving for all the internal voltages and currents in the network.
 It also allows similar circuits or devices to be compared easily.
 For example, transistors are often regarded as two-ports, characterized by their h-
parameters which are listed by the manufacturer.
 Any linear circuit with four terminals can be regarded as a two-port network provided that
it does not contain an independent source and satisfies the port conditions.
 WHY TWO PORT NETWORKS ?
 Black Box Approach.
 The circuit is represented in terms of its parameters (mathematical modeling).
 It is assumed that the network is composed of linear elements and contain no
independent sources, dependent sources are permissible.
 There are four terminal quantities: V1, V2, I1, I2
 For an external or port description of the network, out of above mentioned 4
parameters, 2 can be taken dependent and 2 can be taken independent.
 Therefore there are six possible combinations
 PARAMETERS OF TWO PORT NETWORKS
• Z and Y parameters are inverse of each other.
• Z, y , h and abcd parameters are of significant
use
• Z and Y are useful in almost all networks Dependent Independent Description
• H useful for transistor circuits
• ABCD parameters are used specially in V1, V2 I1, I2 Impedance Parameters (Z -
communication Networks where networks are Parameters)
cascaded I1, I2 V1, V2 Admittance Parameters (Y -
• Another set of parameters useful in high Parameters)
frequency such as microwaves, known as S
parameters. V1, I2 I1,V2 Hybrid Parameters (h -
• The previous parameters are all defined in terms Parameters)
Of voltages and currents at ports. S-parameters
are Different, and are defined in terms of incident I1,V2 V1, I2 G parameters
and  Reflected waves at ports. S-parameters are
used Primarily
at UHF and microwave frequencies where It
V2, I2 V1, I1 Transmission Parameters
becomes difficult to measure voltages and (ABCD - Parameters)
currents Directly V1, I1 V2, I2 Inverse transmission
parameters (ABCD)
 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z)

 Impedance Parameters (Z - Parameters).

 V1 may be considered as response produced by two current
sources I1 and I2 respectively.
 Since the network is linear V1 can be found using superposition.
 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z)

 Z – Parameters, also known as Open Circuit Impedance

parameters.
 Obtained by open circuiting either the I/P or O/P port.
 Z12 and Z21 are called transfer impedances
because the cause and effect are at different  Open Ckt. Input Impedance (driving point
ports. impedance)
 it’s a transfer function having units of  Reverse Transfer Impedance
impedance
 Forward Transfer Impedance
 if the network N is reciprocal, the Z12 = Z21
 For example, an RLC network is reciprocal,  Open Ckt. Output Impedance (driving
since the elements are bilateral. point impedance)
 Z1 Z2

Z3 Impedance Parameters (Z)

 From the definitions of Z parameters (Z11-Z12) (Z22-Z12)

Z11= Z1 + Z3
Z22= Z2 + Z3
Z12= Z3= Z22
 If reciprocity holds and if the network is three terminals. Then a simple equivalent circuit can be derived.
(Z12)
 V1= I1Z11 + I2Z12
 V2= I1Z12 + I2Z22
Which can be rewritten as
 V1= I1 (Z11-Z12) + (I1 + I2)Z12
 V2= (I1 + I2)Z12 + I2 (Z22-Z12)
 This can be drawn as

 If the network is 3 terminal then this equivalent circuit would be physically equivalent circuit.
 However if network is 4 terminal, then this is mathematically equivalent only. This is very useful in analysis and synthesis of
networks.
 Z1 Z2

Z3
Numerical example
 We can also obtain these parameters by comparing with equivalent
 Lets take a more complicated circuits like this:
 When we cannot find out open circuit parameters just be inspection, then we have to use node equations.

(Z11-Z12) (Z22-Z12)

(Z12)
 General method of finding Z parameters

 Lets say internal nodes are V3, V4…. Vk

 Applying nodal equations on external two nodes and other internal nodes gives us equations:
 I1= V1 Y11+ V2 Y12…… Vk Y1k
 I2= V1 Y21+ V2 Y22…… Vk Y2k
 0= V1 Y31+ V2 Y32…… Vk Y3k


 0= V1 Yk1+ V2 Yk2…… Vk Ykk
 If we write a matrix for Y coefficients, there are two types: Y ii (diagonal). Yij (off the diagonal)
 Yii (diagonal): self admittance of node i (sum of all the admittances on that node)
 Yij (off the diagonal) : mutual admittance connected between nodes i and j. Therefore Y ij= Yji
 . Let us take a 3x3 matrix
 General method of finding Z parameters


 We must express V1 and V2 in terms of I1 and I2
 V1= / )I1+ / )I1
 V2= / )I1+ / )I1
 Looking at the circuit we can write down equations using nodal analysis:
 I1= V1(1/5 + 1/10) - V2 (1/10)
 I2= -V1 (1/5) + V2(1/20 + 1/10)
 Take 1/5 =YA, 1/10 =YB, 1/20 =YC
 so we get a Y matrix : or
 We can now find V1 and V2 and find z parameters.
 =,==,=
 General method of finding Z parameters

 = , = = , = , = )*()- 2
 V1= / )I1+ / )I1
 V2= / )I1+ / )I1
 Comparing With
 V1= I1Z11 + I2Z12
 V2= I1Z12 + I2Z22 (Z11-Z12) (Z22-Z12)
 Z11= /
 Z22= /
 Z12= / = Z21
(Z12)
 Draw the equivalent T network using z parameters.
 This is the T equivalent of a pi network or we can say we have derived a T from Pi
Network.
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
 Find Z – Parameters for the networks shown below:
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
 Find Z – Parameters for the networks shown below:
 ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y)
 Admittance Parameters (Y - Parameters).
 The Voltage & Current at Input terminal are V1 and I1.
 The Voltage & Current at Output terminal are V2 and I2.
 The directions of I1 and I2 are into the network.
 I1 may be considered to be the result of Superposition of
Components caused by V1 and V2 respectively.
 ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y)
 The circuit parameters of 2-port networks can represented in the
form of Matrices.
 Admittance Parameters (Y - Parameters).
 ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y)
 Y – Parameters, also known as Short Circuit Admittance
parameters.
 Obtained by short circuiting either the I/P or O/P port.
 Admittance Parameters
(YB)

 From definitions
(YA)
 Y11= YA + YB
(- Y12)
 Y22= YC + YB (YC)

 Y12= -YB = Y12

(Y11 + Y12)

 If we replace these elements with two port Y parameters (Y22 + Y12 )

 YA= Y11 + Y12
 YC= Y22 + Y12
 YB= - Y12
 We have obtained a general two port equivalent circuit physical or mathematical depending (using
three admittances) on whether it is 3 terminal or 4 terminal
 Admittance Parameters
(- Y12)

 I1= V1Y11 + V2 Y12

(Y11 + Y12)
 I2= V1Y21 + V2 Y22

Which can be rewritten as (Y22 + Y12 )

 I1= V1 (Y11 +Y12) – (V1- V2) Y12

 I2= – (V2- V1) Y12 + V2 (Y22 +Y12)

 Lets take a more complicated circuits, we can take dual of what was done in Z parameters.
 When we cannot find out open circuit parameters just be inspection, then we have to use mesh equations.
 The coefficients will be of impedance type with labels:
 Zii (diagonal): self impedance of mesh i (sum of all the impedances in that mesh)

 Zij (off the diagonal) : mutual impedance common to mesh i and j. Therefore Zij= Zji

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
 HYBRID PARAMETERS (h)

 Hybrid Parameters (h - Parameters).

 Hybrid parameters are defined as if V1 and I2 were independent
variables.
 HYBRID PARAMETERS (h)

 Hybrid Parameters (h - Parameters).

 Hybrid Parameters (h)

(YB)  Let us find out h parameters of the given pi network

 h11= 1/Y11, Y11= YA+ YB therefore, h11= 1/ (YA+ YB )

(YA)  h22= 1/Z22, which is admittance. Therefore open circuit port 1, output admittance
is YC+ (YB YB)/(YA+ YB )
(YC)  h12= YB/(YA+ YB)
 h21=I2/I1 with V2=0. h21= -YB/(YA+ YB)= - h12
 This is the condition of reciprocity
 Two port having a particular property that whatever is connected at port 2 (load
ZL) reflects at the input as the negative of ZL.
 Zin=-ZL
 This is the way to make negative elements. Such a two port is called negative
NIC
impedance converter (NIC).
 NIC-Hybrid Parameters (h)

NIC  Zin=-ZL
 V1/I1=+ V2/I2
 This relation can be satisfied in many ways
 V1= kV2
 I1= kI2
 If we compare these relationships in with h parameters
 h11= 0, h12= k, h21= 1/k, h22=0
 Network is non reciprocal.
 Total power in the circuit is V 1I1+ V2I2 = V2I2(1 + k2)= - I22 ZL (1 + k2)
 Total power is negative , which means that the circuit is generating power which
means it is active not passive.
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
 Find h – Parameters for the networks shown below:
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
 Find h – Parameters for the networks shown below:
 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
 Find h – Parameters for the networks shown below:
 HYBRID PARAMETERS (h)

 Transistor Equivalent Circuit

 Input Loop: KVL; Output Loop: KCL
 HYBRID PARAMETERS (h)
Characterizing Transistor
 BJT parameters are quoted in terms of h-parameters.
 h-parameters measured with Emitter terminal grounded (Common Emitter
Configuration).
 h-parameters are quoted at specific IC and VCE (BJT is a Non-Linear
device).
 ac h-parameters and dc h-parameters are different in values.
 HYBRID PARAMETERS (h)
 Characterizing Transistor
TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS (ABCD / T)

 Transmission Parameters (T - Parameters).

 Both I1 and -I2 are directed towards right, the direction of energy
or signal transmission.
Inter-relationship between parameters
Inter-relationship between parameters
Inter-relationship between parameters
SUMMARY OF INTER-RELATIONSHIP B/W
PARAMETERS
SUMMARY OF INTER-RELATIONSHIP B/W
PARAMETERS
 I/P & O/P IMPEDANCE IN TERMS OF 2-PORT
PARAMETERS

 Zin in terms of Z – Parameters (ZR connected at the O/P).

 I/P & O/P IMPEDANCE IN TERMS OF 2-PORT
PARAMETERS

 Zout in terms of Z – Parameters (ZR connected at the I/P).