POWERPOINT

PRESENTATION

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 Data Descriptors

Central Dispersion
Tendency Shape
or Variation

Range
Mean Skewness
Interquartile
Range
Mode
Kurtosis
Variance
Standard
Median Deviation
 Central tendency
• Mean x: Average (50th percentile)
• Percentiles: a value on a scale of 100 that
indicates the percent of a distribution that is
equal or below it.
• Median: Middle number (for uneven
number, average of two numbers around
middle for even)
• Mode: Number occurring the most (can be
more than 1 or none)
 Dispersion or variation:
• Range: Max – min. Measure of dispersion
of the observations
• IQR: Q3 – Q1. Ignores extremes and
focuses on the middle 50% of the data.
Good measure of spread for skewed
distributions
• Standard deviation σ: how closely is data
grouped about the mean
• Variance: The square of SD
 Standard Deviation

• The standard measure of spread

• The larger the wider spread
• Measure of how well the mean represents
the whole data set
 Working out the Standard
deviation

- Mean +
• Working on both sides of the mean
• The positives and negatives will cancel each
other out.
• Therefor use the mean of the squared
values and then get the square root
 Steps

1. Find the mean

2. Subtract mean from each value in set
3. Squaring the deviation from mean
4. Add together
5. Divide by number of elements
6. Square root the result
 Example

• Using the following data set

4 6 7 9 10 13 14
x x-x (x - x)2
• Mean = 4 -5 25
6 -3 9
7 -2 4
9 0 0
10 1 1
13 4 16
14 5 25
Total 80

Square root 8.9

 Class practice
• Small set of individual data for faulty
garments returned:
3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 12, 13, 13, 14
Complete the table on paper:
X X–X (X – X)2
3
4

Total: ….

Standard deviation:
Standard deviation for frequency
data
 Example with frequency data
Number of returns (x) 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
• Pg 44
Number of days (f) 2 7 9 12 24 40 75 98 56 25 14 2 1

• X = 8.40
x f X–X (x – x)2 f(x – x)2

0 2 -8.40 70.56 141.12

3 7 -5.40 29.16 204.12
… … … … …

• Total =
• Total / n =
• =
Shape
 Shape
• Skewness: the measure of the degree of
asymmetry of a distribution
– Reporting the median along with Mean in
skewed distributions is a good idea.
– Skewness = zero. Indicates symmetry, normal
distribution
– Positive value indicates scores bunched up on
low en of score scale
– Negative value: scores bunched up on high end
of scale
– Skewness > ± 1.36 suggest severe skewness
 Measure of skewness

• Pearson’s coefficient of skewness

• Excel uses Fisher’s skewness coefficient

3

n is sample size, s is sample standard deviation

• Kurtosis: whether the data are peaked or
flat relative to a normal distribution.
– Mesokurtic: Kurtosis = 0 or around 0
– Leptokurtic: positive kurtosis. More acute peak
around the mean
– Platykurtic: Negative, smaller peak around the
mean
– Kurtotis > ± 2.72 suggests severe kurtosis.