CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY II

BY
ESTHER NJOKI

LESSON TEN
 Construction Plants & Equipment
 Earth Moving Equipment
 Road Making Equipment
 Concreting Equipment
 Hauling Equipment
 Lifting & Handling Equipment
 Quarry Equipment
 Pneumatic Equipment
 Equipment for Piling/Diaphragm Walls
 Equipment for Marine Works
 Welding Equipment
 Testing Machines
 Equipment for Laying of Cross Country Pipeline
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 Earth Moving Equipment
1. Excavators
2. Backhoe
3. Dragline Excavator
4. Wheeled Loading Shovel
5. Crawler Loaders
6. Bulldozers
7. Skid Steer Loaders
8. Trenchers
9. Motor Graders
10. Motor Scrapers
11. Wheeled Loading Shovel
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 Excavators
 Excavators are important and widely used equipment in
construction industry.
 Their general purpose is excavation but other than that
they are also used for many purposes like heavy lifting,
demolition, river dredging etc.
 Excavators contains a long arm with a digging bucket at
the end
 It is has a cabin provided for the machine operator.
 The cabin can be rotatable up to 360 degrees which eases
the operation.
 Excavators are available in both wheeled and tracked
forms of vehicles.
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Excavators – cont’d

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Excavators – cont’d

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Excavators – cont’d

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 Long Reach Excavator
 The long reach excavator or high reach excavator is a
development of the excavator with an especially long
boom arm, that is primarily used for demolition.
 Instead of excavating ditches, the long reach excavator is
designed to reach the upper stories of buildings that are
being demolished and pull down the structure in a
controlled fashion.
 Today it has largely replaced the wrecking ball as the
primary tool for demolition.

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Long Reach Excavator – cont’d

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Long Reach Excavator – cont’d

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 Dragline Excavator
 Dragline excavator is another heavy equipment used in
construction which is generally used for larger depth
excavations.
 It consists a long length boom and digging bucket is
suspended from the top of the boom using cable.
 Used for construction of ports, for excavations under
water, sediment removal in water bodies etc.

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Dragline Excavator – cont’d

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Dragline Excavator – cont’d

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Dragline Excavator – cont’d

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 Suction Excavator
 A suction excavator or vacuum excavator is a construction
vehicle that removes earth from a hole on land or
removes heavy debris on land, from various places, by
powerful suction through a wide suction pipe which is up
to a foot or so in diameter.
 The suction inlet air speed may be up to 100
meters/second = over 200 mph.
 The suction nozzle may have two handles for a man to
hold it by; those handles may be on a collar which can be
rotated to uncover suction release openings (with grilles
over) to release the suction to make the suction nozzle
drop anything which it has picked up and is too big to go
up the tube.
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 Suction Excavator – cont’d
 The end of the tube may be toothed.
 This helps to cut earth when use for excavating; but when
it is used to suck up loose debris and litter, some types of
debris items may snag on the teeth.
 The earth to be sucked out may be loosened first with a
compressed-air lance or a powerful water jet.
 Excavating with a suction excavator may be called
"vacuum excavation" or "hydro excavation" if a water jet
is used.

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Suction Excavator – cont’d

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Suction Excavator – cont’d

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 Backhoe
 Backhoe is another widely used equipment which
is suitable for multiple purposes.
 The name itself telling that the hoe arrangement
is provided on the back side of vehicle while
loading bucket is provided in the front.
 This is well useful for excavating trenches below
the machine level and using front bucket loading,
unloading and lifting of materials can be done.

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Backhoe – cont’d

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Backhoe – cont’d

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 Bulldozers
 Bulldozers are another type of soil excavating equipment
which are used to remove the topsoil layer up to
particular depth.
 The removal of soil is done by the sharp edged wide metal
plate provided at its front.
 This plate can be lowered and raised using hydraulic
pistons.
 These are widely used for the removal of weak soil or
rock strata, lifting of soil etc.

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Bulldozers – cont’d

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Bulldozers – cont’d

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 Skid Steer Loaders
 A skid loader, skid-steer loader or skidsteer is a small,
rigid-frame, engine-powered machine with lift arms that
can attach to a wide variety of attachments.
 Using different attachments, a skid-steer loader can
perform a range of tasks, from excavation and grading to
demolition and debris removal to overhead work and
lifting
 Though occasionally they are equipped with tracks, skid-
steer loaders are typically four-wheel vehicles with the
wheels mechanically locked in synchronization on each
side.

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Skid Steer Loaders

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Skid Steer Loaders

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 Trenchers
 Trenchers or trenching machines are used to excavate
trenches in soil.
 These trenches are generally used for pipeline laying, cable
laying, drainage purposes etc.
 Trenching machines are available in two types namely chain
trenchers and wheeled trenchers.
 Chain trenchers contains a fixed long arm around which
digging chain is provided.
 Wheeled trenchers contains a metal wheel with digging teeth
around it.
 To excavate hard soil layers, wheeled trenchers are more
suitable.
 Both types of trenchers are available in tracked as well as
wheeled vehicle forms. 29
Trenchers – cont’d

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 Motor Graders
 Motor graders are especially used for the construction of
roads.
 It is mainly used to level the soil surface.
 It contains a horizontal blade in between front and rear
wheels and this blade is lowered in to the ground while
working.
 Operating cabin is provided on the top of rear axle
arrangement.
 Motor Graders are also used to remove snow or dirt from
the roads, to flatten the surface of soil before laying
asphalt layer, to remove unnecessary soil layer from the
ground etc.
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Motor Graders – cont’d

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Motor Graders – cont’d

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 Motor Scrapers
 Motor Scrapers are earth moving equipment used to
provide flatten soil surface through scrapping.
 Front part contains wheeled tractor vehicle and rear part
contain a scrapping arrangement such as horizontal front
blade, conveyor belt and soil collecting hopper.
 When the front blade is lowered onto the ground and
vehicle is moved, the blade starts digging the soil above
the blade level and the soil excavated is collected in
hopper through conveyor belt.
 When the hopper is full, the rear part is raised from the
ground and hopper is unloaded at a soil dump yard.
 The scraper combines three operations, namely, digging,
conveying and dumping.
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Motor Scrapers – cont’d

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Motor Scrapers – cont’d

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Motor Scrapers – cont’d

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 Rippers
 It is used to break up the ground and to pull up the roots.
 The loosened material can then be removed by the
scraper.
 It is sometimes, attached to a tractor.
 It can be used to level the bed of rock mine.

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Rippers – cont’d

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Rippers – cont’d

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 Wheeled Loading Shovel
 It is used to transport materials from one place to
another.
 It is equipped with a front-mounted bucket, which is
supported by a boom structure.
 For lifting, it loads the material into the bucket by the
forward motion of the machine.
 After lifting the material, it transports the materials to its
respective destination.

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Wheeled Loading Shovel – cont’d

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Wheeled Loading Shovel – cont’d

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 Clam Shell Excavator
 It is used to excavate soft materials and loose materials
at or below the existing ground surface.
 It consists of a bucket of two halves which are hinged
together at the top.
 The bucket is allowed to reach on the top of the loose
material to be dug.
 As the bucket is lifted, the two halves close entrapping
the material into the bucket.
 It is also used for stockpiling.

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Clam Shell Excavator– cont’d

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Clam Shell – cont’d

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 Road Making Equipment
1. Road Paver
2. Sheepsfoot Roller Compactor
3. Pneumatic Roller
4. Double Drum or Tandem Rollers
5. Single Drum or Three-wheeled Rollers
6. Vibratory Rollers
7. Grid Rollers

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 Road Paver
 Paver or asphalt paver is pavement laying equipment
which is used in road construction.
 Paver contains a feeding bucket in which asphalt is
continuously loaded by the dump truck and paver
distributes the asphalt evenly on the road surface with
slight compaction.
 However a roller is required after laying the asphalt layer
for perfect compaction.

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Road Paver – cont’d

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Road Paver – cont’d

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Road Paver – cont’d

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 Compactors
 Compactors or rollers are used to compact the material or
earth surface.
 Different types of compactors are available for different
compacting purposes.
 Smooth wheel rollers are used for compacting shallow
layers of soil or asphalt etc. sheep-foot rollers are used
for deep compaction purposes.
 Pneumatic tyred rollers are used for compacting fine
grained soils, asphalt layers etc.

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 Sheepsfoot Roller Compactor
 Sheepsfoot and padfoot rollers are vibratory compacting
machines used mostly for soil and aggregate compaction.
 The rollers have metal drums with lugs, or feet, attached.
 As the compactor moves across the area to be
compacted, the drums vibrate vertically causing the
material to settle for a firm surface, the pressure exerted
by the feet is greatest when they are perpendicular to the
surface.
 Feet come in various sizes to be matched to the type of
soil and compaction requirements.

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Sheepsfoot Roller Compactor – cont’d
 Rollers can exert various ground pressure to match the
material being compacted as well as the finish surface
requirements.
 Some drums can be filled with water to increase the
ground pressures.
 Key specifications for sheepsfoot or padfoot rollers are:
operating weight, drum width and diameter, amplitude,
and vibration frequencies.

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Sheepsfoot Roller Compactor – cont’d

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 Pneumatic Roller
 Pneumatic rollers, sometimes called pneumatic tyred
rollers, are a type of large, ride-on roller with several
rows of rubber tires on the front or rear end.
 The rubber tires provide an 80% coverage area and
uniform pressure throughout the width of the tires.
 They are typically used for pavements and can help
smooth out and polish a project, but are also great for
cold-laid bituminous or cold mixed pavements and layers
of loose soil.

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Pneumatic Roller

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 Smooth Wheeled or Static Rollers
 There are generally two types of smooth wheeled rollers:
 Double drum or tandem rollers.
 Single drum or three-wheeled rollers

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 Double Drum or Tandem Rollers
 The tandem, or double drum roller, has one steel drum in
the front and one in the back.
 As the two drums move, this moves the roller.
 The efficiency of the tandem roller comes from the two
drums — entire sections of a highway can be flattened
and paved quickly and efficiently.
 These rollers are great for flat or gradual surfaces like
asphalt, but because they have very little traction,
they’re not recommended for anything specialized.

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Double Drum or Tandem Rollers –cont’d

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Single Drum or Three-wheeled Rollers
 Three-wheeled or single drum rollers are some of the
most common pieces of heavy-duty machinery.
 They typically have a steel drum in the front and two
special wheels in the back
 Single drum rollers can work in tighter spaces and more
specialized projects due to their smaller size.
 They’re great for creating foundations for buildings and
paving highways or sidewalks, but because of the extra
weight in the front, they won’t roll over some surfaces.

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Single Drum or Three-wheeled Rollers –
cont’d

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 Vibratory Rollers
 Vibratory rollers are almost identical to smooth wheel
rollers (including the single and double drum) except for
one major difference: they come with a specialized
vibrating component.
 As the roller compacts and flattens the surface, it will
vibrate.
 Since soil, asphalt, and concrete have natural empty
spaces, they can cause a building to warp and sink,
causing damage to the structure.
 Using a vibratory roller on your construction project can
help keep the building’s structural integrity

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Vibratory Rollers – cont’d

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 Grid Rollers
 Grid rollers are a type of roller that has a network of
steel bars, which create a grid-like pattern on the steel
drum.
 These types of rollers are generally towed or pulled
behind a tractor or another heavy machine.
 The grid design on the cylinder drum produces a high
contact pressure with little kneading action on
compaction work.
 Because of this, they’re most suitable on well-graded,
coarse soils, weathered rocks and for subgrade and sub-
base road constructions.

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Grid Rollers – cont’d

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Grid Rollers – cont’d

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