CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY II

BY
ESTHER NJOKI

LESSON ELEVEN
 Hauling Equipment
 Hauling equipment are used to move construction
supplies, soil, and other materials to and from the
site.
 The most common hauling equipment is the damp
truck

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 Types of dump trucks
1. Standard dump truck
2. Articulated dump truck
3. Transfer dump truck
4. Truck and pup
5. Semi trailer end dump truck
6. Semi trailer bottom dump truck
7. Side dump truck
8. Off-road dump truck

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 Standard damp truck
 A tipper or dump truck (dumper truck) is a truck
used for transporting loose material (such as sand,
gravel or dirt) for construction.
 A typical dump truck is equipped with a
hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the
rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow
the contents to be deposited on the ground behind
the truck at the site of delivery.

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Standard damp truck – cont’d

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Standard damp truck – cont’d

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 Articulated dump truck
 An articulated dump truck or "Yuke" has a
hinge between the cab and the dump box, but is
distinct from semi trailer trucks in that the cab is
a permanent fixture, not a separable vehicle.
 Steering is accomplished via hydraulic rams that
pivot the entire cab, rather than rack and
pinion steering on the front axle.
 This vehicle is highly adaptable to rough
terrain.
 Articulated trucks are often referred to as the
modern scraper, in the sense that they carry a
much higher maintenance burden than most
trucks.
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Articulated dump truck – cont’d

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Articulated dump truck – cont’d

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 Transfer dump truck
 A transfer dump is a standard dump truck which
pulls a separate trailer which can also be loaded
with aggregate
 The second aggregate container on the trailer
is powered by either an electric, pneumatic
motor or hydraulic line.
 It rolls on small wheels, riding on rails from
the trailer's frame, into the empty main dump
box.
 This maximizes payload capacity without
sacrificing the maneuverability of the standard
dump truck.
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Transfer dump truck – cont’d

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 Truck and pup
 A truck and pup is very similar to a transfer
dump.
 It consists of a standard dump truck pulling a
dump trailer.
 The pup trailer, unlike the transfer, has its own
hydraulic ram and is capable of self-unloading.

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Truck and pup – cont’d

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 Semi trailer end dump truck
 A semi trailer end dump (or "pony dump") is a
tractor-trailer combination wherein the trailer
itself contains the hydraulic hoist.
 A typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling
a 2-axle semi-trailer.
 The key advantage of a semi end dump is rapid
unloading.
 A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable
when raised in the dumping position limiting their
use in many applications where the dumping
location is uneven or off level.

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Semi trailer end dump truck

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 Semi trailer bottom dump truck
 A semi trailer bottom dump (or "belly dump") is a 3-
axle tractor pulling a 2-axle trailer with a clam
shell type dump gate in the belly of the trailer.
 The key advantage of a semi bottom dump is its
ability to lay material in a wind row (a linear heap).

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Semi trailer bottom dump truck – cont’d

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Semi trailer bottom dump truck – cont’d

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 Side Dump Truck
 A side dump truck (S.D.T) consists of a 3-axle
tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer.
 It has hydraulic rams which tilt the dump body onto
its side, spilling the material to either the left or
right side of the trailer.
 The key advantages of the side dump are that it
allows rapid unloading
 In addition, it is almost immune to upset (tipping
over) while dumping unlike the semi trailer end
dumps which are very prone to tipping over

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 Side Dump Truck – cont’d
 It is, however, highly likely that a side dump trailer
will tip over if dumping is stopped prematurely.
 Also, when dumping lose materials or cobble sized
stone, the side dump can become stuck if the pile
becomes wide enough to cover too much of the
trailer's wheels.

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Side Dump Truck – cont’d

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 Off-road dump truck
 Off-road dump trucks are heavy construction equipment
used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling
jobs.

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 Concreting Equipment
1. Mixers
2. Batching Plants
3. Concrete Vibrators
4. Concrete Pumps
5. Transit Mixers
6. Dumpers
7. Concrete Placers
8. Slip Form Equipment

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 Mixers
 A concrete mixer mixes cement, aggregates and
water and produce concrete mechanically.
 There are various types of concrete mixers available
which makes concrete production quick and
economical.

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 Types of Concrete Mixers
 There are two broad types of concrete mixers:
1. Batch mixers
a) Drum Types Mixer
i. Tilting drum mixers
ii. Non-tilting drum mixer
iii. Reversing drum mixer
b) Pan Type Mixer
2. Continuous mixers

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 Batch Concrete Mixers
 Batch mixers are widely used machines for
concrete mixing.
 Concrete mix obtained by this mixer is collected
batch by batch and time by time.
 After pouring all the materials into the pan or
drum, it mixes all of those for some time and
finally discharges.
 This process is repeated until required amount of
concrete mix is obtained

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Batch Concrete Mixers – cont’d
 Batch mixers are two types.
1. Drum type mixers
2. Pan type mixers

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 Drum Type Mixers
 Drum type mixers’ concrete ingredients are
mixed in a drum which is actually in double
conical frustum shape.
 Drum types mixers are classified into three
types:
1. Tilting drum mixers
2. Non-tilting drum mixers
3. Reversing drum mixers

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 Tilting drum mixers
 These discharge concrete by tilting
downwards.
 It is a rapid discharge process and may be used
for large projects.
 Because of this the concrete mix obtained will
be not subjected to segregation.
 It delivers concrete by gravity by tilting the
drum downwards
 Low workability concretes which contains large
sized aggregates of size greater than 7.5cm
can be mixed efficiently with tilting drum
mixers.
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 Tilting drum mixers – cont’d
 The only disadvantage of this mixer is sticking
of concrete to bottom of drum.
 To overcome this a method called buttering of
the mixer is applied in which some amount of
cement mortar is mixed in the mixer before
mixing the first batch of concrete.

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Tilting drum mixers – cont’d

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Tilting drum mixers – cont’d

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 Non-Tilting Drum Mixers
 Non- tilting drum mixers are not allowed to tilt
and the drum rotates about its horizontal axis.
 For the discharge of concrete a chute is
arranged in inclined position which will
receives the concrete mix from drum and
discharges out.
 In this case, the drum is opened at two ends
and consists blades insides when materials are
poured through one end and mix is collected
through another end.

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 Non-Tilting Drum Mixers
 Rapid discharge of concrete is not possible in
this case.
 Due to this delay, the concrete may be
vulnerable to segregation.
 Larger size aggregate are not discharged easily
with the mix.
 Aggregates not more than 7.5cm are
preferable for this type of mixers.
 This type of mixers are generally used for
small projects.

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Non-Tilting Drum Mixers

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Non-Tilting Drum Mixers

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 Reversing Drum Mixers
 Reversing drum mixers are similar to non-
tilting type mixers but in this case reversal of
rotation takes place for different action.
 The drum has two openings, one end is for
pouring materials and other end is for
discharge of mix.
 The drum rotates about its horizontal axis.

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Reversing Drum Mixers – cont’d
 The rotation of drum takes place in one
direction for mixing and in opposite direction
for discharging.
 Two different set of blades are arranged for
mixing and discharging.
 They are suitable for dry concrete mixes.

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Reversing Drum Mixers – cont’d

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Reversing Drum Mixers – cont’d

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Reversing Drum Mixers – cont’d

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 Pan Type Concrete Mixers
 Consists a circular pan in which concrete is
mixed.
 The mixing is done by blades which are
arranged in star shape inside the pan.
 There are two types of pan mixers available.
 In one case, the circular pan is constant and
only star blades rotate about vertical axis of
pan.
 In the other case, circular pan rotates while the
blades are at static position.

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 Pan Type Concrete Mixers – cont’d
 But in both cases, the mixing is efficient and
concrete mixture is collected through central
hole provided in the pan.
 The rotating star blades contain special blades
called scrapper blades which will make
concrete not to stick to the pan.
 The blades can also be adjusted in height so,
there is no room for concrete to store in the
pan.
 Among the all types of batch mixers pan type
mixer are more efficient.

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Pan Type Concrete Mixers – cont’d

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Pan Type Concrete Mixers – cont’d

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 Continuous Concrete Mixers
 Continuous mixer, the name itself telling its
duty that the loading, mixing and discharging of
mix is continuously done until the work is
complete or work break occurs.
 The loading of materials is done continuously by
screw feeders.
 Continuous mixtures are used for very large
projects such as dams, bridges, construction of
high rise buildings, etc.

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Continuous Concrete Mixers

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Continuous Concrete Mixers

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Truck Mounted Concrete Mixer
 Truck mounted concrete mixer is a reversing
drum mixer which is installed on the chassis of a
truck.
 The mixer drum is used to blend and transport
ready-mixed concrete.
 During transportation, the concrete keeps mixing
by drum rotation to avoid concrete separation.
 After the delivery of the concrete, the mixer
drum is usually rinsed with water to prevent
concrete from hardening and avoid harden
concrete taking much space of the concrete
mixing drum.
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Truck Mounted Concrete Mixer -cont’d

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 Concrete Vibrators
 Vibrators are normally used as a means of
compacting concrete on site.
 There are four types of concrete vibrators:

1. Internal or Immersion or Poker or Needle Type

Vibrator
2. Form or Shutter shape or External Type Vibrator
3. Surface or Screed or Pan Type Vibrators
4. Vibrating Tables

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Immersion or Needle Vibrators
 Immersion or needle vibrators are most commonly
used vibrator for concrete.
 It consists of a steel tube (with one end closed and
rounded) having an eccentric vibrating element
inside it.
 This steel tube called poker is connected to an
electric motor or a diesel engine through a flexible
tube
 The poker agitates fresh concrete so as to
eliminate gross voids including entrapped air and
to produce intimate contact with form surfaces and
embedded materials.
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Immersion or Needle Vibrators – cont’d
 It is used to ensure that a concrete pour is even
and free of air bubbles so that the concrete will
remain strong and have a smooth finish even after
the formwork is removed.
 Its head is submerged into the concrete, and held
there for at least 10 seconds.
 Don't turn on the vibrator until the tip is fully
submerged.
 Pull up the vibrator at an average rate of no more
than 3 inches per second; often, 1 inch per second
yields the best results.

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Immersion or Needle Vibrators – cont’d

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 External or Shutter Vibrators
 These vibrators are clamped rigidly to the form work at
the pre-determined points so that the form and concrete
are vibrated.
 They consume more power for a given compaction effect
than internal vibrators.
 These vibrators can compact up to 450mm from the face
but have to be moved from one place to another as
concrete progresses.
 They are used handiest if the use of inner vibrators is not
attainable as in the case of thin and congested sections,
arches and tunnel lining, precast components etc.

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External or Shutter Vibrators – cont’d

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 Surface Vibrators for Concrete
 These are placed directly on the concrete mass.
 These best suited for compaction of shallow elements and
should not be used when the depth of concrete to be
vibrated is more than 250 mm.
 Very dry mixes can be most effectively compacted with
surface vibrators.
 The surface vibrators commonly used are pan vibrators
and vibrating screed.
 The main application of this type of vibrator is in the
compaction of small slabs, not exceeding 150 mm in
thickness, and patching and repair work of pavement
slabs.
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Surface Vibrators for Concrete – cont’d

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Surface Vibrators for Concrete – cont’d

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Surface Vibrators for Concrete – cont’d

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Surface Vibrators for Concrete – cont’d

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 Vibrating Tables
 These are rigidly built metal platforms established on
steel springs and driven through electric motors.
 The concrete is placed in molds installed on the platforms
and securely clamped to the vibrating table, in order that
mold and concrete vibrate in union.
 Vibrating tables are used for compacting stiff and harsh
mixes utilized in precast structural individuals in factories
and laboratory specimens.

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Vibrating Tables – cont’d

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 Lifting & Handling Equipment
1. Tower Cranes
2. Truck mounted cranes
3. Mobile crane
4. Hoists/Winches
5. Telehandlers

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 Tower Cranes
 Tower cranes are fixed cranes which are used for
hoisting purposes in construction of tall structures.
 Heavy materials like pre-stressed concrete blocks,
steel trusses, frames etc. can be easily lifted to
required height using this type of equipment.
 They consists mast which is the vertical supporting
tower, Jib which is operating arm of crane, counter
jib which is the other arm carries counter weight
on rear side of crane and an operator cabin from
which the crane can be operated.

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Tower Cranes – cont’d

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Tower Cranes – cont’d

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 Truck Mounted Crane
 Truck-mounted crane and truck loader crane refer
to a truck which has a crane either at the rear or
just behind that cab which is used to load and
unload goods from the truck's deck.

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Truck Mounted Crane – cont’d

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Truck Mounted Crane – cont’d

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 Mobile Crane
 A mobile crane is a cable-controlled crane mounted
on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a hydraulic-
powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted
on truck-type carriers.
 Its boom can be lattice or telescopic

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Mobile Crane – cont’d

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Mobile Crane – cont’d

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Mobile Crane – cont’d

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 Tower hoist
 It is used to hoist concrete and other
materials to an elevated position.
 A tower hoist comes with bucket
capacity of 350 kg or 450 kg
depending on the model selected.
 The bucket has to be straight when
concrete is getting filled up while
during pouring of concrete the bucket
will be tilted to one side.
 The bucket lifting and holding
mechanism is from the tower hoist
operating handle located on the
trolley mounted main frame.
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 Telehandlers
 Telehandlers are hoisting equipment used in
construction to provide construction platform for
workers at greater heights etc.
 It contains a long telescopic boom which can be
raised or lowered or forwarded.
 Different types of arrangements like forklifts,
buckets, cabin, lifting jibs etc. can be attached to
the end of telescopic boom based on the
requirement of job.

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Telehandlers – cont’d

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Telehandlers – cont’d

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 Pneumatic Equipment
 Pneumatic equipment are any equipment that
generate and/or utilize compressed air.
 Examples include:

1. Rock Drills
2. Pavement Breakers
3. Compressors

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 Rock Drills
 A rock drill is a powerful tool that penetrates rocks
to make construction, well digging, mining and
other projects possible.
 It makes holes in rocks.
 Rock drills are used for mining and rock
excavation.
 An example of such a pneumatic tool is the
hammer drill, or percussion hammer, which is
composed of a piston and a drill made of high-
carbon steel.

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Rock Drills – cont’d

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Rock Drills – cont’d

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 Rock Drills – cont’d
 It is necessary to note that the drill never cuts
through rock.
 A typical rock drilling equipment produces four
different mechanisms namely:
a) Impact
b) Feed force
c) Rotation
d) Flushing

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 Rock Drills – cont’d
 During the impact mechanism, the piston moves up
and down.
 Rotation is usually performed on the return stroke
in the anti-clockwise direction.
 The feed force determines the penetration rate,
which is crucial for all drilling applications.
 Flushing enhances the penetration rate. It can be
done using water or air.

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 Rock Drills – cont’d
 The most popular types of rock drills are :
a) Hydraulic rock drills
b) Pneumatic rock drills
Hydraulic rock drills
 This rock drilling machine uses pressurized
hydraulic fluid to create the drilling force.
 Its core components are rotation motor, striking
piston, drilling parameter control and shock
absorber piston.
 Others are rotation gears, flushing fluid intake and
drill steel adaptor.

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Rock Drills – cont’d

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 Rock Drills – cont’d
Pneumatic rock drills
 This machine runs on the power of compressed air
and has the compressor, valve and the drill itself as
the most essential components.

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 Pavement Breaker
 A hand-held compressed-air-powered tool for
cutting pavement or rock
 It delivers repetitive blows by means of a pointed
or chisel-shaped bit.
 It is used to demolish pavements, roads, and thick
concrete.

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Pavement Breaker – cont’d

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 Compressor
 Towable and portable air compressors are popular
pieces of equipment on many construction sites
across the world.
 Compressed air is often used as an energy source to
power pneumatic tools.
 Compressed air is used because it provides a
reliable and efficient high output that can be used
to power a wide variety of air-operated tools.

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Compressor – cont’d

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Compressor – cont’d

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Compressor – cont’d

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