DIETS FOR

RENAL DISEASES
Laboratory Exercise No. 22
 Topics
1 Glomerulonephritis

2 Renal Calculi

3 Nephrosis

4 Dietary Management

5 Sample Dinner Meal

The Kidney

The kidneys perform vital metabolic and hormonal functions such

as filtering the blood to remove waste
products from the body. Any kidney disease will greatly affect
the body. Kidney disorders can interfere with the
proper functioning of the nephrons.
Glomerulonephri
tis
Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters

in the kidneys (glomeruli). The excess fluid and waste
that glomeruli remove from the bloodstream exit the
body as urine. Glomerulonephritis can come on
suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic).

Glomerulonephritis occurs on its own or as part of

another disease, such as lupus or diabetes. Severe or
prolonged inflammation associated with
glomerulonephritis can damage the kidneys. Treatment
depends on the type of glomerulonephritis you have.
The Kidney Cross
Section The kidneys remove waste and excess fluid
from your blood through filtering units
called nephrons. Each nephron contains a
filter (glomerulus) that has a network of
tiny blood vessels called capillaries. When
blood flows into a glomerulus, tiny
molecules — water, essential minerals and
nutrients, and wastes — pass through the
capillary walls. Large molecules, such as
proteins and red blood cells, do not. The
filtered solution then passes into another
part of the nephron called the tubule. The
water, nutrients and minerals your body
needs are transferred back to the
bloodstream. The excess water and waste
become urine that flows to the bladder.
 Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis may vary depending on whether you have the acute or
chronic form and the cause. You may notice no symptoms of chronic disease. Your first indication that
something is wrong might come from the results of a routine urine test (urinalysis).

HEMATURIA
Pink or cola-colored urine from
red blood cells in your urine

PROTEINURIA
Foamy or bubbly urine due to HYPERTENSION
excess protein in the urine High blood pressure

3
2 4
EDEMA
OTHERS
Fluid retention with swelling
- Urinating less than usual
evident in your face, hands, feet
- Nausea and vomiting
1 5
and abdomen
- Muscle cramps
- Fatigue
 CAUSES
Many conditions can cause glomerulonephritis. Sometimes the disease runs in families and sometimes
the cause is unknown. Factors that can lead to inflammation of the glomeruli includes the following
infections:

Post-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis Viral kidney infections

2 3
Bacterial endocarditis HIV

1 4
 PREVENTION
There may be no way to prevent some forms of glomerulonephritis. However, here are some steps that
might be beneficial:

Seek prompt treatment of a Control high blood pressure,

strep infection with a sore which lessens the likelihood
throat or impetigo. of damage to your kidneys
from hypertension.

To prevent infections that

can lead to some forms of
2 3 Control your blood sugar to
glomerulonephritis, such as help prevent diabetic
HIV and hepatitis, follow nephropathy.

1 4
safe-sex guidelines and
avoid intravenous drug use.
Renal Calculi
 Renal Calculi

Kidney stones also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis

or urolithiasis, are hard deposits made of minerals and
salts that form inside your kidneys.

Diet excess body weight, some medical conditions, and

certain medications are among the causes of kidney
stones. It can affect any part of your urinary
tract ,from your kidneys to your bladder. They often
form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing
minerals to crystallize and stick together.
The Female and Male
Urinary System
Kidney Stone

Kidney stones form in your kidneys. As

stones move into your ureters — the thin
tubes that allow urine to pass from your
kidneys to your bladder — signs and
symptoms can result. Signs and symptoms
of kidney stones can include severe pain,
nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and blood in
your urine.
 Symptoms
A kidney stone usually will not cause symptoms until it moves around within the kidney or passes into
one of the ureters. The ureters are the tubes that connect the kidneys and bladder. If a kidney stone
becomes lodged in the ureters, it may block the flow of urine and cause the kidney to swell and the
ureter to spasm, which can be very painful. At that point, you may experience these symptoms:

Severe, sharp pain in the

side and back, below the Pain that radiates to the
ribs lower abdomen and groin

2 3
Pain that comes in waves Pain or burning sensation
and fluctuates in intensity while urinating

1 4
 Other Symptoms
Pink, red or brown urine

Cloudy or foul-smelling A persistent need to urinate,

urine urinating more often than
usual or urinating in small
3 amounts

2 4
Nausea and vomiting Fever and chills if an
infection is present

1 5
 Types of Kidney
Stones
Calcium stones Uric acid stones

2 3
Struvite stones Cystine stones

1 4
 Types of Kidney
Stones
Calcium stones Uric acid stones

2 3
Struvite stones Cystine stones

1 4
 Prevention

Drink water, but drinks like Avoid fizzy drinks

tea and coffee also count.

2 3 Do not eat too much salt

Add fresh lemon juice to
your water.

1 4
Nephrosis or
Nephrotic
Syndrome
Nephrosis or Nephrotic
Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes
your body to pass too much protein in your urine.

Nephrotic Syndrome is usually caused by damage to

the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys
that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
The condition causes swelling, particularly in your feet
and ankles, and increases the risk of other health
problems.
 Symptoms
Loss of appetite

Edema
Severe swelling, particularly Weight gain due to fluid
around your eyes and in retention
your ankles and feet
3
2 4 Loss of appetite
Foamy urine, a result of
excess protein in your urine

1 5
 Causes

Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of tiny

blood vessels (glomeruli) of your kidneys.

The glomeruli filter your blood as it passes through your kidneys,

separating things your body needs from those it doesn't. Healthy glomeruli
keep blood protein (mainly albumin) — which is needed to maintain the right
amount of fluid in your body — from seeping into your urine. When
damaged, glomeruli allow too much blood protein to leave your body, leading
to nephrotic syndrome
 Many possible causes
Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis

Minimal change disease Membranous nephropathy

3
2 4 Systemic lupus
Diabetic kidney disease erythematosus and
Amyloidosis

1 5
 Prevention

Nephrotic syndrome cannot be prevented, but treating an underlying kidney

disease and making dietary changes may prevent worsening of symptoms.
Treatment options may include blood pressure medication, diuretics, blood
thinners, cholesterol-reducing medication, or a steroid if kidney disease
causes inflammation.
 Dietary
Management
Dietary management

Nutrients commonly modified in the renal diet are the daily intake of

- Protein
- Sodium and potassium
- Calcium and Phosphorus
- Fluid and water intake
Nutrition and Renal
Disease
1. Low protein diet

Eat just enough protein. Excess intake of protein would lead to the
accumulation of waste products like urea, creatinine and uric acid in the
blood. Consumption of white meat (chicken, fish and eggs) is better than
the intake of red meat (pork and beef). Avoid concentrated foods like
organ meats, kare-kare, laing and processed foods.
Nutrition and Renal
Disease
2. Low phosphorus diet.
- Phosphorus level in the blood increases as kidney function declines,
therefore, it is important to avoid foods high in this nutrient, such as:

- Excess intake of milk, cheese and other dairy products

• Legumes like beans and mongo beans

• Chocolate and cocoa
• Pinipig, peanuts and pili nuts

*High levels of phosphorus causes skin itchiness and disturbances in the

bone and calcium metabolism in the body.
Nutrition and Renal
Disease
3. Low calcium diet.

This diet is advised to patients with calcium oxalate renal stones. It is

designed to minimize the concentration of the components associated in the
formation of renal stones.

Examples of foods high in calcium: green leafy vegetables like “malunggay”

and “saluyot,” calcium-fortified fruit juices and other beverages, too much
intake of milk and dairy products, dried beans, sardines and anchovies.
Nutrition and Renal
Disease
4. Avoid salty foods and condiments (bagoong, dried fish, salted egg,
chips, soy sauce, fish sauce, vetsin, broth cubes). Excess sodium in the
diet could cause high blood pressure and edema.

5. Eat only the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables especially if

you are on hemodialysis. High levels of potassium in the blood causes
irregular heartbeat, palpitation and worse could lead to cardiac arrest.

6. Drink the right amount of water or follow what is prescribed by your

doctor. Avoid excess intake of fluids especially when there is edema or
oliguria.
Nutrition and Renal
Disease
7. Eat enough carbohydrates and fats for daily energy source of the body.
Fat can be eaten in allowed amount, through frying and sautéing of foods.
To avoid increases in the blood cholesterol levels, buy and use vegetable
and plant oil sources.

8. Avoid eating of simple sugars and sweets (cakes, candies, chocolate

bars) if you have diabetes. These foods can increase your blood glucose
level and may create another problem.
Thank you for
listening!
Any Questions?